国际体系与中国对外关系：历史演进与当代建构

【作者】 张峰；

【导师】 胡礼忠；

【作者基本信息】 上海外国语大学 ， 国际关系， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文以体系内行为体地位和性质的变化作为判断国际体系变迁的标准,考察了国际体系与中国对外关系的历史演进和当代建构。研究重点着眼于两个层面:体系层面,考察不同时期中国所处的国际体系的结构、进程及其历史演进;国家层面,探讨不同国际体系下中国对外关系的定位、内容、方针及其特点。本文认为国际体系与中国对外关系的历史演变主要经历了四个时期:一,东亚封贡体系时期。封贡体系萌发于先秦时期,形成于西汉,在唐朝中期达到鼎盛,而中日《马关条约》的签订则标志着封贡体系的瓦解。作为相对封闭的区域体系,在其存在的同时,世界的其他区域也分别存在着希腊城邦体系、阿拉伯帝国体系、欧洲中世纪体系等不同的区域体系。封贡体系在体系结构上主要表现为天下一统和内外差序的格局,在体系进程上则主要表现为有序性以及和平性。在封贡体系下,中国在国际体系中的定位突出地表现为天下主义;和为贵、天子守在四夷、以人文化成天下则是中国主要的对外关系方针;而北方游牧民族与中原农业民族之间的南北对抗以及宗主国与藩属国之间的册封与朝贡则构成了中国对外关系的主要内容。二,不平等条约体系时期。不平等条约体系发端于1840年的鸦片战争,形成于《天津条约》和《北京条约》,滥觞于《马关条约》和《辛丑条约》。不平等条约体系形成的进程中,同时交错着以西方国家为主导的近代主权国家体系与传统东亚封贡体系之间的斗争,交织着侵略与反抗、先进与落后两种不同性质的矛盾。在不平等条约体系下,中国在国际体系中的定位经历了从“天下”到“国家”的转型;西力东侵与西学东渐则构成了中国对外关系的主要内容;伴随着近代国家主权意识的逐步兴起以及中西关系的演变,中国对于不平等条约体系的方针则经历了从守定和约到修约和废约的转变。三、冷战主权国家国际体系时期。1949年新中国成立后,彻底砸碎了套在巨人脖子上的不平等条约体系的枷锁,作为主权国家屹立在世界东方。与此同时,国际体系分裂成分别以美国和苏联为首的东西两大阵营,竞争与制衡成为这一时期国际关系的主要特点。在冷战国际格局中,中国对于近代以来形成的以西方为主导的主权国家国际体系中经历了从对抗到游离再到融入的角色定位,中国对外关系的方针经历了由革命到务实的转变,一边倒、两个拳头打人、一条线、独立自主、不当头、不称霸则构成了不同阶段中国对外关系的不同内容。四、后冷战主权国家国际体系时期。1991年苏东剧变后,国际社会开始走出冷战阴影并逐步迈入全球化时代。非国家行为体的兴起、全球公民社会的出现、全球治理的发端以及国际法权威的加强等,既对主权国家国际体系构成了越来越明显的挑战,也使中国外交面临着重大的挑战与机遇。经过30年的改革开放,中国综合国力明显增强,中国的国际地位很难继续保持在发展中国家这一定位上,崛起的大国成了中国国内社会和国际社会对中国认同的基础。中国早已不是国际体系的对抗者;也不再只是国际体系的参与者;中国更应该作为负责任的大国,成为国际体系的建设者。在“韬光养晦”的同时“有所作为”。积极开展大国责任外交,发挥在国际体系中的大国作用;大力推进多边外交,提高参与和创设国际议题的能力;深入开展多层外交,把公民社会纳入外交的视野与平台,正在并势将越来越成为中国对外关系的基本方针和基本目标。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation researches the historical evolution and contemporary construction between international system and China’s foreign relations, regarding the changes of characteristic and position of system’s actor as a standard which judges the changes of the system. The major research has two levels: international level, it researches the structure, process and historical evolution of China’s international system; national level, it researches the position, policy, guidelines and characteristic of China’s foreign relations. There are four periods in China’s foreign relations.Firstly, the period of Tributary System. Tributary System started from Early Qing, formed from West Han, culminated with Tang and decayed with Maguan treaty. As a relatively closed regional system, there are other different regional systems existed, such as Ancient Greek City-state system, Arab Empire System and the Dark Ages System at the same time. The characters of Tributary System are the unification of Tian-xia and in and out orders in structures and degree of order and pacificatory in process. In Tributary System, Tian-xia doctrine was the position of China’s foreign relations. peacefulness is prized,”tianzi shou zai siyi”, and“with the use of culture to form Tian-xia”were the guidelines of China’s foreign relations. North-south confrontation between northern nomad and southern Farming peoples and canonized and tributes between ancient China and tributary states were characteristics of China’s foreign relations.Secondly, the period of Unequal Treaty System. Unequal Treaty System started from Opium War, formed from Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty, and decayed with Maguan treaty. During the establishment of Unequal Treaty System, there were long struggle between Tributary System and national system and two kinds of contradictions resulted from invasion and resist, advanced and backward. In Unequal Treaty System, from Tian-xia doctrine to state was the position of China’s foreign relations.”West force invaded the East”and”Western Learning“were characteristics of China’s foreign relations. From complying with treaty to amending, even abolishing it were the guidelines of China’s foreign relations.Thirdly, the period of National System in Cold War. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China entered upon a new historical stage. At the same time, international system was split into two different political camps, in which East-West competition and balances had become the main characteristics of this system. During the Cold War, from withstanding to entering was the position of China’s foreign relations. From leaning to one side to fighting with two fists and later being one’s own master were policies of China’s foreign relations. From revolution to pragmatic diplomacy were the guidelines of China’s foreign relations.Fourthly, the period of national System in Post cold War. After the radical changes happened in former Soviet Union and East Europe, international system entered upon globalization age. At the same time, the following items not only challenge national system, but also make China confront great opportunities and challenges: the rising of Non-state actors, the emerging of global civil society, the sprouting of global governance and the reinforcing of international law. After thirty years’Reform and Opening Up, it is very difficult for China to maintain its status of a developing country. China is not just a discommender or participator, but a constructer in international system. China should actively shoulder responsibilities of great power diplomacy and play a great role in international system, vigorously promote multilateral diplomacy and improve capacity of participation and the creation of international agenda .Meanwhile, China should launch multi-depth foreign affairs and put civil society into vision in foreign policy and platform.更多还原