大河南北，斯民厥土：历史时期的河南人口与土地（1368-1953）

【作者】 刘士岭；

【导师】 樊树志；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国古代史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 在一定意义上，人类社会的历史就是人口与土地的历史。河南在中国区域人口史和经济史上的重要地位，使这一地区的历史人口与土地问题研究具有相当的学术价值和现实意义。河南地处中原，是中国古代人口最为稠密、土地开发最早、经济最发达的地区之一。唐宋以后，河南在全国的经济地位逐渐衰退，政治和文化影响力也日渐式微。人口调查统计制度，深刻影响着明代以降河南人口数据的性质。明初到近代，河南的人口调查和登记制度，从户帖制到黄册、里甲制，从人丁编审到厉行保甲，从警察制再到保甲制，不断地在民政行为和财政行为之间变换，人口统计的对象也从全体人口到部分人口再到全体人口。只有明太祖、乾隆至道光等少数时期的历史人口数据较为可靠。1953年，现代意义上的人口普查举行，河南人口有了准确的数字统计。明初以降的近六个世纪，除了明末清初的短暂下降，河南的人口持续增长。洪武二十四年(1391年)和崇祯三年(1630年)，人口数量分别为278万和1150万，乾隆四十一年(1776年)达到1986万，1935年3457万人。至1953年人口普查，河南的人口增长到4421万。明初至1953年河南人口的变化表现为一条倾斜的“N”字型曲线。人口数量增长的同时，河南人口的性别、职业、城乡结构中不同时期都呈现出不同的变化特点。明初河南土地大量荒芜，经过多年的开垦，耕地面积不断增加。万历时期的土地清丈数据表明，晚明河南的耕地面积超过1亿亩。明末清初战争的破坏，使大量耕地再次抛荒，经过康熙一朝的垦荒，耕地面积迅速增加到8703万亩，至乾隆中期，荒地基本开垦完毕，耕地面积在1．11亿亩左右。民国后期频繁的战争使河南耕地面积从1935年的1．14亿亩下降到1946年的9800多万亩。明初以降河南土地利用状态表现为从“荒”(非耕地)到“熟”(耕地)和从“熟”到“荒”两个相反的过程。人口数量和耕地面积的变化，使明初以降河南的人地比率不断下降，人均耕地面积从洪武二十四年(1391年)的14．6亩下降到万历二十八年(1600年)的10．0亩，再到乾隆三十二年(1767年)的6．2亩，进而至1953年的2．9亩。人地关系从不平衡到平衡再到不平衡，不断转化。相应地，明代以降河南的农业生产技术、种植结构、粮食产量、土地关系等生产力和生产关系诸要素也都发生了明显的变化。更多还原

【Abstract】 In a sense,the history of the human society is the history of population and land.Henan is significant in the history of China’s regional population and economy,whichmakes the studies of the changes of its population over time and the relevant issues ofland meaningful both within and beyond the academy.Situated in China proper,Henan is one of the most densely populated and firstexplored and developed regions in ancient time. Since the Tang-Song Period,Henanhas declined not only economically,but also politically and culturally.The attributes of the populations in Henan since the Ming Dynasty are largelydefined by how the demographic information is collected. From the early Ming to theRepublican Era,the approach of census and registration constantly changed to meetthe needs of civil and financial administrations. Sometimes the whole region wascovered,sometimes not. In that sense,only a few statistical data such as thosecollected in the reigns of Ming Taizu,Qianlong,Jiaqing and Daoguang can behistorically reliable. The first modem census in Henan was launched in 1953 whichmarked the beginning of the accurate statistics of its population.Since the Early Ming Period,the population in Henan has kept growing for sixcenturies,except during the Ming-Qing transition. In the year 1391,the populationwas 2,782,670,and 11,498,942 in 1630. The year 1776 saw a population of19,858,053,while the year 1935,34,573,236. According to the census conducted in1953,the population reached 44,214,594. Hence,the graph of the population inHenan from the Early Ming to the year 1953 is an“N”curve. The proportions of sex,profession,and city planning went through some significant changes along with theincrease of population.The vase deserted land had been turned into agrarian land due to the years longreclamation since the early Ming. In the reign of Wanli,the cadastration demonstrateda considerate vast agrarian land up to over 100 million Mu. A good deal of it wasdeserted again due to the devastating wars during the Ming-Qing Transition. In thereign of Kangxi,it was reclaimed up to 87 million Mu. And almost all the desertedland was exploited in reign of Qianlong,yielding about 111 million Mu of agrarianland in total. The continual war in the Late Republican Era resulted in the shrinkageof the agrarian land from 114 million Mu in 1935 to 98 million Mu or so in 1946. Tosum up,the degree of the agrarian exploiture in Henan swung between the twoextremes of under-cultivation and cultivation.The changes of population and agrarian land resulted in a decline of the averageacreage per person,from 14.6 Mu in 1391 to 10.0 Mu in 1600,again from 6.2 Mu in1767 to 2.9 Mu in 1953. The tension of the relationship between population and landwas never relieved for good. This partly led to some evident changes of the elementsconsidering productivity and productive relationships such as agrarian technology,thevariety of planting,the output of the grain,ownership and tenancy.更多还原