刘熙载《艺概》及其创作研究

【作者】 陈志；

【导师】 吴兆路；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国文学批评史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 刘熙载(1813—1881)是我国晚清著名的学者、文艺理论家和教育家。他的文艺批评著作《艺概》是继刘勰《文心雕龙》之后又一部通论各体文艺的理论著作。刘熙载除了在文艺理论方面取得了突出的成绩，在文学创作上也有很深的造诣。他的文学创作收录在《昨非集》中，本文即以刘熙载的《艺概》和文学创作为研究对象。《艺概》包括六个部分：《文概》作为《艺概》的首篇，具有一定的总纲性质。刘熙载论文宗奉“六经”，同时兼取陆、王心学。《文概》论述了我国从先秦至唐宋古代散文发展的历史，对传统的诸如“明理与言情”、“断与续”等散文文法有很详备的阐述；此外还有不少有关如何品评和学习前人的意见。《诗概》首先通过与散文的比较，辨明了诗歌的文体特点，然后提出知人论世、“识曲宜听其真”的研究方法，总结了很多诗歌创作手法，论述了兼容并蓄的诗歌风格理论。《赋概》首先阐明了赋的起源、流变及体用，其次分析赋中的“物我关系”，论述了赋的铺排艺术与艺术形象的构造，最后分析了赋品与人品的一致性关系。《词曲概》详于论词，略于论曲。开篇“尊词体，辨正、变”，以“词三品说”为论词极则；继而论述了词“含蓄与寄托”的表达艺术与其它创作手法，阐述了词的艺术风格问题。篇末在与词的对比中，简要谈论了曲的艺术特色、创作技法等。《书概》受《周易》中有关“象”与“意”思想的影响很大，对我国古代书法艺术的发展脉络作了梳理，初步构建了我国古代书法的大系；阐述了刘熙载对于书艺风格的看法，总结了诸多书艺创造理论，尤其是草书法度。《经义概》强调“文行并重”，表现出值得肯定的批评眼光与研究方法，其中关于经义自身产生、发展的论述有较高的认识作用，不过最有价值的是文中精微而具普遍意义的写作理论。刘熙载《昨非集》中收录的文学创作分别为寓言集《寤崖子》和文、诗、词(附曲)各一卷。《寤崖子》中的一部分寓言表现出刘熙载的儒家思想和他淡泊名利、追求自由的性格，另一部分寓言富有教育和讽刺意义。在艺术上，《寤崖子》善于采用生活中常见的情景和事例来说明道理，善用对比，擅长讽刺，也经常化用前人寓言和历史人物的故事，但是在立意上都有创新。刘熙载的散文体裁广泛、内容丰富，在篇幅上普遍较短。主要可分为论说和记述两大类，其中还有专门谈论散文理论的文章。他的散文理、情并重，对于前人有不少借鉴之处，但也有很多的创新。刘熙载的诗歌主要可分为说理诗、记游诗、纪行诗、述怀诗、交游诗和论诗诗六大类，涉及的题材很广。刘熙载的诗情真意切，都是有感而发。在表现方式上主要采用了寓义于情和寓情于景的手法。刘熙载的词在内容上主要描写隐逸生活，旅愁乡思，人生的感慨和思考，词的艺术手法以及社会民生问题。刘熙载的词清新自然，体现出豪放和婉约相结合的特点，在清代词坛上体现出独特的面貌。他的曲作较少，表现出流畅自然的特点。更多还原

【Abstract】 Liu Xizai (1813-1881) was China’s well-known scholar,literary theorist and educatorof late Qing Dynasty (1644-1911).The Summary o fArts,his literary review,was anothertheoretical work that expounds on all forms literary works following The Literary Mindand Carving of Dragons by Liu xie.Apart from outstanding achievements in literary theory,Liu Xizai also had greataccomplishments in literary writings.His literary works,the Summary of Arts and hisliterary writings,are collected in Zuo Fei Ji,which is what this paper intends to deal with.There were six parts in The Summary of Arts:As the first part of the book,The Summary of Prose had an attribute of guidingprinciples.Liu Xizai both had the idea of learning from the classics and the philosophy ofmind of Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming.The essay had detailed analyses of theevolution of prose and traditional theories such as expression of emotion and argument,break and continuation etc.Besides,there were good opinions about how to comment onand learn from the predecessors.By comparison with prose,The Summary of Poem discussed the characteristics ofChinese poems.Liu Xizai posed the viewpoint of understanding the author by knowinghis historical background.He also summarized many writing methods about poem andexpounded on his compatible theory of artistic style.In The Summary ofFu,Liu Xizai first elaborated on the origin,evolution,and natureof Fu,then analyzed the relationship between material world and oneself.He alsodiscussed the art of narrating in detail and the creation of artistic image.At last,Liu Xizaianalyzed the concordance of one’s moral standing and quality of his works.In The Summary of Ci,Liu Xizai made detailed analyses of Ci.On the contrary,hisanalyses of Qu were simple.At the beginning of the essay,Liu Xizai put special emphasison the status of Ci.He considered that there were three kinds of Ci.In addition,Liu Xizaidiscussed the writing skills and some essential factors in writing such as character,word,temperament and so on.He also expounded on the artistic style of Ci.At the end,bycomparing Qu with Ci,Liu Xizai discussed the characteristics and writing skills of Qubriefly.The theory of image and connotation had deeply influenced Liu Xizai’s thought ofcalligraphy.He analyzed the evolution and system of Chinese classical calligraphy.Meantime,Liu Xizai expressed opinions about artistic style of calligraphy.At last,Hesummed up writing skills of different patterns of calligraphy,especially of cursive hand. The research object of The Summary of Jingyi is Eight-part Essay.Liu Xizaiemphasized the same importance of one’s works and moral character.The criticism andresearch method were appropriate.Liu Xizai’s perspectives about the evolution of Jingyican help us understand it better.The top valuable part in the essay was the theory aboutwriting skills.Literary works collected in Liu Xizai’s Zuo Fei Ji include the fable anthology Wu YaZi and a volume of proses,poetry and Ci,Qu.Some of the fables in Wu Yazi embody Liu Xizai’s Confucian ideas,indifference tofame and wealth as well as pursuit of freedom while others are instructive and satirical.Interms of the arts and techniques employed,Wu Ya Zi is characterized by reasoning withscenarios and examples commonly seen in life,ingeniously using contrast and satire,andcreating themes out of fables of its predecessors and stories of historical figures.Liu Xizai’s proses cover a wide range of topics,rich in content and generally short.They can be divided into two major categories,i.e.didactic and narrative proses,of whichthere are special articles about the theory of prose.His proses place equal emphasis onreasoning and empathy.While there is much imitation of previous works,lots ofinnovations can also be found in Liu Xizai’s proses.Liu Xizai’s poems fall into six categories,namely,didactic poems,travel poems,poems on horseback,poems on social intercourse,and poems in poetry review,covering awide range of topics.Liu Xizai’s poems deal with feelings and sentiments triggered inreal life.Main techniques adopted are implying morals by appealing to sentiments andeliciting empathy through reasoning.Liu Xizai’s Ci mainly deal with life as a recluse,melancholy and homesickness onjourneys,sentiments and reflections on life,the art of Ci,and problems concerningsociety and livelihood.In style,they are natural and unassuming,reflecting a combinationof graciousness and wildness,which is unique in the field in the Qing Dynasty.The fewQu created by Liu Xizai are characterized by their natural flow.更多还原