中国西部生态补偿机制构建研究

【作者】 李长亮；

【导师】 聂华林；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 区域经济学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文从生态补偿的基础理论出发,从理论和实践两个方面对国内外生态补偿进行了研究,在此基础上试图构建一个新的生态补偿机制。生态补偿的理论基础包括外部性理论、公共物品理论、生态资本理论和社会—经济—自然复合生态系统理论。生态建设具有正外部性,因此应该对生态建设者进行补偿;生态建设提供的是公共物品,依据公共物品理论,政府应该补偿;生态建设成果又是一种重要的资本即生态资本,因此市场机制可以成为生态补偿的一个重要途径;社会、经济和自然是一个复合的系统,在生态补偿中应该将生态建设和社会经济发展相结合。西部的生态比较恶劣,主要体现在沙漠化加剧、植被破坏严重、水土流失依然严重、环境污染问题尚未根本解决、自然灾害频发、石漠化问题仍未缓解等;西部的社会经济发展水平也较低,主要体现在总体经济发展水平低于东中部地区、产业结构层次低、对外开放水平较低、教育发展落后和消费水平低于东中部地区,这些成为西部生态补偿机制构建的现实基础。本文对国内的退耕还林工程进行了深入研究,认为该工程对西部生态改善、经济结构调整等方面起到了重要的促进作用,同时也存在一些不足,如退耕还林范围选择不够合理、投资主体单一、产业结构调整滞后、尚未建立完善科学的检测测评体系等,同时对国外的生态建设进行了研究,认为他们主要是发挥市场机制引导农户自愿退耕、通过环境服务市场进行生态补偿资金筹集、制定了多样化的补偿标准、多样化的补偿基础,分析了国外生态补偿与国内生态补偿的不同,对其经验进行借鉴。本文深入分析了生态环境与社会经济发展的关系,生态环境是社会经济发展的基础,而社会经济的发展能促进生态环境的改善,并对西部态生态问题形成的机理进行了研究,认为西部生态恶化的实质是PPE怪圈和RAP怪圈恶性循环、相互耦合的结果。在此基础上本文构建了一个新的补偿机制,主要从补偿主体、补偿对象、补偿标准和补偿方式等方面就行了研究,对过去的补偿机制进行完善,此外还对生态补偿的配套机制包括产权机制、法律机制、生态建设效益评价机制、可持续发展的宣传教育机制等进行了研究。最后,对西部生态补偿机制的构建提出了一些政策建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper studied from the basic theory of ecological compensation, from theory and practice studied of our country and others country, attempt to build a new ecological compensation system.The basis theory for ecological compensation including externality theory、public products theory、ecological capital theory、social-economic-natural complex ecosystem theory. There is positive externality in the ecological construction; we should compensate the ecological builders; the ecological construction produce public products, based on the theory of public products, the government should be compensator. The outcome of ecological construction is an important capital, ecological capital, so the market mechanism can be an important way to compensate the ecological builders; social、economic and natural is a complex ecosystem, so ecological compensation should think both about the ecological construction and socio economic development. the ecological environment is poor in the western region, mainly reflected in sandy desertification worsen; vegetation destruction serious; water erosion still serious; environmental pollution has not been fundamentally resolved; natural disasters frequently; rocky desertification non-mitigation, etc. the level of socio and economic development is lower, mainly reflected in the overall economic level lower than the eastern and central regions; the industrial structure of low-level, opening to the outside world is limited; the development of education lagged and the level of consumption below the eastern and central regions, which is the realistic basis for construct western region’s ecological compensation system. The paper studied the returning land for farming to forestry project, the project made the ecological improvement in the western region、economic structure promoting and so on. At the same time there is defect, such as demarcate the returning land for farming to forestry; the main investor is single; industrial restructuring is lager; has not yet been established and perfected scientific appraisal system, etc. and studied other country’s ecological construction, they depend on the market mechanism induct farmers to returning farmland to forests; raise funds from environmental services market; variegated in compensation standards and compensation foundation, at last, the author analysis the ecological compensation’s difference between domestic and foreign for lean from them. The paper analysis the relationship between the ecological environment and socio- economic, ecological environment is the basis of socio-economic development, and socio-economic development can promote the improvement of ecological environment. The author studied the system of the ecological problems in the western region; the ecological deterioration in the western is the result of cycle of PPE and the cycle of RAP vicious’ circle and coincidence each other. On the basis the paper build a new compensation system, mainly about compensator、object of compensation、compensation standards、compensation methods, to improve the compensation system in the past, in addition to study about other mechanism of ecological compensation, including property rights system, law system, appraisal system、publicity and education system of sustainable development. Finally, there is some advice for western region to improve the ecological compensation system in the future.更多还原