【作者】 何彤慧；

【导师】 李吉均； 王乃昂；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 人文地理学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 毛乌素沙地是位于气候上的半干旱区、地貌上的沙漠-黄土边界带、植被上的草原向荒漠过渡带、农业生产上的农牧交错区这样一个具有强烈过渡性的区域，无疑是环境变化的敏感区域。研究这一区域环境变化的过程和影响因素，揭示其环境变化规律和内外驱动力，是全球变化区域响应的组成部分，对于辨析和纠正一些观点、对于今后这一地区的区域开发和可持续发展，都有深远的意义。本文通过古城环境考古、历史文献、历史地名、各代物产、考古学及地层学等多种手段，分别获取有关毛乌素沙地环境变化的相关信息，而后整合这些信息，反演该区域历史时期环境变化的特征和过程。进而将环境变化过程与气候变化的过程、各阶段人类活动的方式和强度等因素相互叠加，提取影响区域环境变化的可能性因素，并对各因素在毛乌素沙地环境变化过程中所起的作用进行界定。本研究形成以下结论。1、《水经注·河水》卷三中记载的毛乌素沙地东侧水系中，奢延水为今之无定河、帝原水为今之榆溪河、诸次之水为今之秃尾河、圁水为今之窟野河。秦直道在毛乌素沙地东侧自南而北纵贯而过；战国秦长城基本处在毛乌素沙地的东南与东侧边界上。秦始皇时代蒙恬所筑的44个“河塞”，指得是黄河沿线的军城，而整个河南地的水系沿线，也有一些秦汉古城，可能为“故塞”是也。2、依据文献记载，本文考证了毛乌素沙地沿水系、秦直道、秦长城沿线分布的一些古城，主要有上郡奢延县、龟兹县、肤施县、白土县，西河郡鸿门县、火井祠、虎猛县、榆溪塞等。根据历史文献和考古发现，基本确定了另外二十余个古城的归属，如杨桥畔古城为秦汉之阳周县城、隋唐之龙眼城、南夏州、宁朔城；基本搞清了毛乌素沙地西南部的若干唐宋古城则与“六胡州”的对应关系，等等。3、毛乌素沙地的地表水环境在秦汉以来的2000多年中发生了显著的变化，主要表现为湖沼湿地的萎缩和消失、外流河下切加剧水量减小、常年河变成时令河、众多泉眼消失等。但与此同时，也存在着局部的水环境改善，突出表现为红碱淖等湖沼在清末民初的出现和扩大。4、毛乌素沙地的植被在历史时期经历了群落种类组成渐趋简单、旱生沙生资源植物增加、荒漠植被地位明显上升等变化，但是并不存在由森林草原到干草原的地带性植被变化。5、沙漠化是毛乌素沙地土地退化的主要表现形式，在人类活动强烈干预以前就存在着，秦汉以来，有大约2／3的土地发生了程度不同的沙漠化。沙漠化过程则具有明显的阶段性：第一次发生于东汉至南北朝时期；第二次发生于唐末至宋夏时期；第三次发生于明清时期。沙漠化的程度是东南部最强，中北部、南部和东部次之，而后向其他方向递减。6、毛乌素沙地历史时期的环境变化是受百年乃至千年尺度的气候冷暖、干湿变化控制的，之所以形成目前这样的沙漠化土地空间分布格局和环境特征，则与其地的自然地理特征和人类活动有密切关系，其中地貌及冬季风是动力因素；地层中的沙物质是物源因素；地表水环境恶化是区域环境变化的表现之一，同时又是植被退化和沙漠化的引致因素；人类活动总体上是叠加在自然因素之上的，只是明清以来在局地环境变化中成为主导因素。7、毛乌素沙地人类活动的环境影响在先秦时期就已出现，早期的影响程度是轻微的，不足以造成大范围、长时段的环境变化。但是，明清以来人类活动的强度逐渐增强，在控制和改变局地环境方面开始发挥出主导作用，尤其在改造水环境方面影响很强烈。由于人类对环境的作用既可能是建设性的，也可能是破坏性的，而且无论是哪一方面的作用，后续的环境效应都非常复杂，前期的生态环境建设成果可能是后期土地盐渍化、沙漠化等的诱因。因此，现阶段毛乌素沙地的生态建设应当立足于对其成因有正确认识的基础上，彻底改造是不可能的，用大量地下水灌溉来改造沙漠的做法也是不可取的，保护和改善水环境才是毛乌素沙地生态恢复的关键点。本研究采用的以多种手段反演历史时期环境的研究方法，对于揭示区域人地关系及其演变过程是非常有效的。不管是古城、地名、物产、文学描述，还是考古成果、地层学记录，各代用指标都有自身的局限性，把它们综合起来，将各不同指标提取的环境意义相互补充和比对，则能够比较全面地反映区域的环境变化过程，也能够比较科学地判定环境变化原因，使研究成果更具可信度。更多还原

【Abstract】 According to its characters of climate,geomorphology,vegetation andagricultural production,Mu Us Desert respectively belongs to semi-aridregion,border region of desert and loess,transition region fromgrassland to barren land and ecotone of agriculture and pasture husbandry.It is located at an exceeding transition zones,therefore,Mu Us Desertis no doubt a sensitive region to the environmental changes.It has afar-reaching significance for this region to argue and correct someviewpoints and to develop this region and to have a sustainabledevelopment for this region aftertime to researching into the course ofenvironmental changes and its influencing factors and discovering itsrules of environmental changes and inside and outside driving forces.In this paper,many information is gathered which is related toenvironmental changes of Mu Us Desert by the way of various kinds ofmeasures,including stratigraphy and archaeology,archaeologized intothe ancient cities environment,consulting historical literatures,investigating historical toponyms,and analysing local products,etc.Having Summarized all these information,the characters and its changecourses of environment in this region in the historical times werediscussed.The factors which include the courses of environmental changeand climatic change,the way and intensity of human activities have beensynthesized each other,and then those possible factors which couldinfluence the environment of this region are distilled and the effect ofthese factors have on the change course of environment in Mu Su Desertare determined.Main conclusions are as follows:1.Seeing the water system in the east of Mu Su Desert from therecordation of the book named Shui Jing Zhu(Commentary on the waterwayClassic) in volume 3,Sheyan water system is Wuding River today,Diyuanwater system is Yuxi River today,Zhuci water system is Tuwei Rivertoday,Yin water system is Kuye River today.Straight Road built inQin dynasty crossed the east of MuSu Desert from south to north.QinGreat Wall built in Zhanguo dynasty was basically located in boundarybetween southeast of Mu Su Desert and east of this region.Those 44fastnesses which were built by general Meng Tian in Qin dynasty arethought to be military cities built along the Yellow River.Moreover,there have also some ancient cities which were built in Qin and Handynasty along the line of water system in Henan province,they may bepossibly Gusuai (ancient fastnesses).2.According as the recordation of historical literatures,this paperdid textual research on some ancient cities which were distributedalong the line of water system,Straight Road was built in Qin dynastyand Qin Great Wall built in Zhanguo dynasty in Mu Su Desert.These ancient cities are located at ShangJun State including Sheyan County,Qiuci County,Fushi County,Baitu County and Xihe State includingHongmen County,Huojing ancestral temple,Humeng County,Yuxi Fastness,etc.Other twenty ancient cities ascriptions are determined accordingto historical literatures and discovering of archaeology,such asYangqiaopan ancient city was Yangzhou County in Qin and H an dynasty,but it also was Longyan City,Nanxiazhou City and Ningsuo City in Suiand Tang dynasty.Corresponding relations between Liuhu State and someancient cities in Tang and Song dynasty in southwest of Mu Su Desertwas basically made clear.3.The surface water environment in Mu Su Desert has had obvious changessince Qin and Han dynasty which existed 2000 years ago,basicallyputing up the shrinking and disappearing of lakes and natural ponds,the backward position of rivers chopping down and it’s flux of waterdiminishing,and some perennial rivers becoming seasonal rivers,manymouth of springs were disappearing,etc.But at the same time,itexisted in the fact that the water environment was amended,showingthat many lakes and ponds such as Hong Jiannuo Lake appearing andexpanding in the end of Qing dynasty.4.The vegetation in Mu Su Desert passed through several phases inhistorical times,the main phases are:the species composition ofvegetation community was gradually simplified;xeromorphous and sandyplant increased;the status of desert vegetation rose evidently.However,the change of vegetation zonation means that forest plainchanged into drought plain did not occur.5.The main modality of Mu Su Desert land degenerating has beendesertification,it had occurred before human activities intervenedintensively.Two-thirds of land has been desertification at variousdegrees.The courses of desertification have obvious phase characters,for the first time,it occurred in Donghan dynasty until Nanbei dynasty;the second time,it occurred in the end of Tang dynasty until Song andXia dynasty and occurred in Ming and Qing dynasty at the third time.The most serious desertification occurred in southeast of MuSu Desert,then appeared inferior degree in midst,north,south and east,anddegression degree in other directions.6.The changes of environment in Mu Su Desert in historical times havebeen controlled by climatic changes in temperature and drought-wetwithin hundreds or thousands years.At present,it came into being suchspatial structure and environmental characteristics fordesertification land because of being relative to other naturalgeographic characters and human activities.In all that,physiognomyand hiemal wind are the driving factors.The sandy matter in stratumis the physical fountain factor.The depravation of surface water inthis region is one of representations of environmental changes, meanwhile,it is also the factor which leads to the degradation ofvegetation and desertification.On the whole,human activity has actedupon these natural elements,becoming a dominant factor in the regionalenvironment changes since Ming and Qing dynasty.7.Influencing of human activities on the environment of Mu Su Deserthad occurred before Qin dynasty,and its intensity of earlier influencewas so slight that it could not cause a large scope and long timeenvironmental changes.But the intensity of human activities had beengradually increased since Ming and Qing dynasty,and had begun to bringinto play dominant role in terms of controlling and changing theregional environment.Especially the influence of rebuilding watersystem was more intensive.The action human act on environment ispossibly not only constructive but also devastating,moreover,nomatter which action is,its behind environmental effect is verycomplicated,the previous achievement made from rebuilding biologyenvironment could possibly induce soil salinization anddesertification afterward.Therefore,ecology construction ought tobe established in learning accurately its cause of formation.ReinventingMuSu Desert environment is not advisable,as well as usinga great deal groundwater to irrigate desert.To protect and amelioratewater system is a key point being used to resume Mu Su Desertenvironment.In this paper,multifold means were used to deduct reversely theenvironment of historical times,which is an effective method to discoverthe relation between human and land in this region and its deductive course.Whether ancient cities,toponym,products,literature or achievement ofarchaeology and recording of stratigraphy,useful information that we canget from each of them is restrictivist,only colligating them can reflectall-sided courses of environmental changes in this region,also can makecertain the cause of environmental changes in science and make researchingtheories have more reliability.更多还原