【作者】 杜永令；

【导师】 王春明；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 分析化学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本博士论文在前人相关研究的基础上，用新的制备方法，制备出高性能的金属单层修饰的Pt催化剂，高性能多孔Au纳米材料及新n-型氧化亚铜纳米材料，并扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）研究其形貌结构。用X-Ray粉末衍射仪和X-ray光电子能谱测定其晶格结构和元素组成。用电化学方法研究了制备出的纳米材料的电催化性能及光电活性，并将其于燃料电池和环境污染物的处理研究。1．在含有氯铂酸和铜离子的溶液中，用循环伏安沉积将铂纳米微粒沉积在导电玻璃表面。铜离子作为助沉积，制备出高分散的Pt纳米微粒，并用Ru，Bi单层对Pt纳米微粒进行修饰，结果证实了纳米微粒及单层修饰后的纳米微粒具有很高的催化活性及稳定能力，经过欠电位沉积修饰的铂纳米微粒可能在燃料电池方面具有很高的应用前景。2．用聚苯乙烯作为模板，用电沉积铂方法制备出高度分散的二维铂纳米微粒。用循环伏安和即时电流研究铂纳米微粒和Sn修饰的铂纳米微粒的电化学性能。结果显示经过Sn-upd修饰后的Pt纳米微粒对甲醇的催化氧化具有很高的催化性能，可以用于直接甲醇燃料电池的阳极催化剂。3．以自组装在ITO电极上聚苯乙烯乳球为模板，用电沉积制备高度有序的多孔Pt。用欠电位沉积将铜单层沉积在多孔Pt电极表面，然后用Pd²⁺通过置换反应将沉积在多孔Pt电极上的单层铜置换成单层Pd。研究结果显示Pd修饰的Pt大孔材料对O₂的催化起到明显的增强作用，但是Pd修饰的Pt大孔材料对甲醇的催化起到一个抑制作用。4．以Ag纳米线为模板制备高度有序的Au多孔纳米材料。用Ag纳米线为模板，用HAuCl₃与Ag纳米线反应成功制备出高度有序的多孔Au纳米材料。用激光拉曼散射研究了金多孔纳米材料对罗丹明的激光拉曼增强效应，研究结果表明了Au多孔纳米材料是一种很好的激光拉曼增强效应的纳米材料。5．用水热反应制备新型n-型氧化亚铜纳米材料，用亚甲基蓝和多菌灵研究氧化亚铜的光催化性能。结果显示新制备出的n-型半导体氧化亚铜材料对有机污染物具有很强的光催化降解能力。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is human urgent choice to increasing energy using ratio and using regenerativesource instead of fossil energy. Fuel cells has been become a hot research point for hishigh ratio of energy conversion, little pollution and kind for surroundings. The solarfuels and hydrogen production by photolysis have a research point too. Great progresshas been made in the study and application of DMFCs in the world. However thecatalysts of DMFCs are still the hinder for commercial of DMFCs because of Pt ofhigh loading and poor activity. We use new methods to fabrication new catalyst forDMFCs.1.Platinum nanoparticles were successfully electrodeposited on indium tin oxide（ITO） surface in the solution with hexachloroplatinic acid and copper ion by cyclicvoltammogram method. The micrographs and structure of Pt nanoparticles werecharacterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）,respectively. The electrocatalytic properties of Pt nanoparticles/ITO or modified byRu, Bi underpotential deposition （UPD） for methanol oxidation have beeninvestigated by cyclic voltammetry （CV） and chronoamperometry （CA）. Highelectroactivity and good long-term stability can be observed. These results indicatethat Pt nanoparticles modified by UPD may have potential applications in designingnoble metal catalysts of fuel cells with low loading and high activity at the atomiclevel2. With polystyrene latex spheres self-assembled on ITO glass as templates, highlyordered twodimensional（2D） Pt nanoparticles （PtNPs） were prepared byelectrochemical deposition. Themorphology and element composition of PtNPs werecharacterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） andX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The electrocatalyticproperties of PtNPs/ITOand Sn underpotential deposition （UPD） modified PtNPs/ITO for methanoloxidationhas been investigated by cyclic voltammetry （CV） and chronoamperometry （CA）. Theexcellentelectrocatalytic activity can be observed for these catalytic systems. 3. With polystyrene latex spheres self-assembled on ITO glass as templates,highly ordered macro-porous Pt was prepared by electrochemical deposition. Then themacro-porous Pt was modified by Pd monolayer involving the galvanic displacementof Cu monolayer formed by under-potential deposition on macro-porous Pt. Thecorresponding results showed that Pd-modified macro-porous Pt electrode hadnegative catalytic for methanol oxidation in compared with macro-porous Pt. ButPd-modified macro-porous Pt electrode had positive electro-catalytic activity to O₂reduction.4. A simple one step process for preparation of nanoporous Au materials has beendevelopment of sacrificial templates of Ag nanowires in a mixture solution of HAuCl₄at 100℃. The morphology and crystal structure of the product were characterized byscanning electron microscopy （SEM）, XPS and XRD. The results indicated that thenano-porous gold had generally preserved the original orientation of Ag nanowires.The Au nanoporous materials consist of nanotubes, giving them a porous nature. Sucharrays of well oriented gold nano-materials are expected to show interestinganisotropic optical and electronic properties, and their hollow porous structures mightfind broad potential applications in catalysis and chemical sensing.5. Cuprous oxide nanoparticles were prepared by using hydrothermal methods andwere characterized by XRD, and TEM methods. The electrochemical properties ofnano-Cu₂O were studied. The experimental results indicate that nano-Cu₂O showshigh signal of photo-electricity. The photo-catalytic activity of the nanostructures wasevaluated by examine the degradation of methylene blue and fungicide carbendazim.更多还原