【作者】 郑伟；

【导师】 高会旺； 王宗灵；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 环境科学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 海洋生态系统服务是指一定时间内特定海洋生态系统及其组分通过一定的生态过程向人类提供的赖以生存和发展的产品和服务。近年来随着沿海地区经济快速发展，城市化进程不断加快，人类对海洋生态系统服务的需求日趋增加。然而在人类对海洋生态系统服务需求增加的同时，对海洋生态系统的破坏也在增强，部分地区生态系统服务呈现下降趋势。科学评估海洋生态系统服务及其价值，研究典型人类活动对海洋生态系统服务的影响，对于合理开发和保护海洋，促进海洋生态系统的可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。本文首先界定了海洋生态系统服务的内涵，根据服务效用的表现形式构建了海洋生态系统服务分类体系，并研究了海洋生态系统各类服务的形成机制。其次从生态经济学角度，探讨了海洋生态系统的资产属性、生态系统服务与人类福利之间关系。基于生态系统服务价值经济学计量方法，并结合海洋生态系统各类服务的特点，建立了相应的价值评估模型。最后分别以我国近海典型养殖型海湾—桑沟湾、保护与开发并重的海岛—庙岛群岛以及综合利用型海湾—胶州湾为例开展了生态系统服务及其价值评估应用研究。主要研究内容与结论如下：(1)海洋生态系统服务识别与形成机制研究通过分析海洋生态系统服务的内涵，阐明了生态系统功能和生态系统服务、海洋的服务和海洋生态系统服务之间的区别与联系。参考学术界最新建立的生态系统服务分类体系，并根据生态系统服务效用的表现形式，本文将海洋生态系统服务分为供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务等共4大类14项。系统研究了海洋生态系统各类服务的形成机制，分析了支持各类服务的生态系统组分和主要生态过程，以及各类服务对人类福利的贡献，为海洋生态系统服务价值的评估提供了科学依据。(2)海洋生态系统服务价值评估理论与方法研究从生态经济学角度探讨了海洋生态系统的资产属性及海洋生态系统服务与人类福利之间的关系。分析了海洋生态系统服务的价值构成与分类，探讨了生态系统服务价值的经济学评估方法，具体包括常规市场评估方法、替代市场评估方法和假象市场评估方法。在此基础上，开发了适合于海洋生态系统各类服务的价值评估模型，以指导本文案例的研究。(3)桑沟湾生态系统服务价值研究以典型养殖型海湾—桑沟湾作为研究示范区，分析了养殖活动对生态系统的影响，甄选了受养殖影响的生态系统服务。在此基础上，对1994-2004年养殖活动影响下桑沟湾生态系统服务价值的变化进行了评估。构建了基于生态系统服务价值的成本效益分析模型，并应用该模型对桑沟湾的养殖模式进行了评估，给出了桑沟湾优化开发的对策。研究表明：①养殖活动对于桑沟湾生态系统服务的影响很大。从1994年到2004年，桑沟湾生态系统服务的总价值提高了，其中食品生产的价值增加幅度较大；而氧气生产、气候调节和水质净化的价值都有所下降。因此桑沟湾生态系统服务总价值的提高主要来源于食品生产价值的增加。②基于生态系统服务价值的成本效益分析(CBA)结果表明，桑沟湾养殖效益的提高主要来源于经济收益的增加，但环境成本却增加了(其它服务如气候调节、氧气生产、水质净化服务的价值降低了)。桑沟湾未来养殖模式的改善不仅要关注养殖产量的增加，还需分析养殖活动对其它生态系统服务的影响，以确保各类服务之间的平衡，避免由于养殖活动损害其它的服务。③基于生态系统服务价值的成本效益分析模型为分析人类活动对生态系统的影响、将生态系统服务价值评估纳入到海洋管理决策提供了可行框架。(4)庙岛群岛生态系统服务价值研究考虑到海岛海陆兼备的特征，首先确定了庙岛群岛主要生态系统服务类型，并对2005年庙岛群岛南五岛生态系统服务价值进行了评估。其次，构建了生态系统服务价值不确定性分析模型，研究了影响庙岛群岛生态系统服务价值的因素，并分析了生态系统服务价值的不确定性。研究表明：①2005年庙岛群岛南五岛生态系统调节服务价值占总服务价值的43．17％，属于价值量最大的一类服务。其次为文化服务占37．87％，而供给服务的价值仅占18．96％。调节服务和文化服务两者的价值总和占总服务价值的81．04％。因此可以说庙岛群岛南五岛的主导服务并非物质产品的供给，这也体现了庙岛群岛保护区的特征。②不确定性分析的结果表明：庙岛群岛气候调节、氧气生产服务价值具有较大的波动性，但总体上分布比较集中。当置信水平较低时，服务价值波动不大，而当置信水平提高时，距平波动率增加较快。这说明该值的分布虽然较为集中，但仍存在“肥尾”现象，即该值仍有可能落入到置信上、下限平均值较远的位置。(5)胶州湾生态系统服务价值研究本文首先识别了胶州湾生态系统服务的主要类型，并基于2003-2004年生态调查资料，评估了2003年胶州湾生态系统服务价值。在此基础上，构建了典型开发活动—围填海造成海湾生态系统服务价值损失评估模型，计算了2003-2006年胶州湾围填海工程造成生态系统服务价值的损失。研究表明：①2003年胶州湾生态系统服务总价值为13．79亿元，单位面积价值为35623元／公顷。在总价值中，供给服务价值为91．02×10~7元，占57．42％；调节服务价值为17．06×10~7元，占12．38％；文化服务价值为41．64×10~7，占30．20％。与桑沟湾和庙岛群岛海域养殖情况相比，胶州湾藻类养殖比例较低，使得该区调节服务较桑沟湾和庙岛群岛有所偏低。与庙岛群岛相比，胶州湾知识扩展服务价值所占比重有所增加。这主要是胶州湾所处青岛市为我国重要的海洋研究中心，很多涉海科研项目选择在该区开展。这正体现了海洋生态系统服务的局地依赖型特征，也说明了知识扩展服务价值实现的空间异质性。②2003-2006年围填海工程造成胶州湾生态系统的损害价值保守估计为2．32亿元，平均每年(2003-2006年)新增围填海造成的胶州湾生态系统服务价值损失约0．58亿元，单位面积生态系统服务价值的损失约为76万元／公顷。更多还原

【Abstract】 Marine ecosystem services refer to the products and services that marineecosystem and its component provide for human being through certain ecologicalprocess.In recent years,with economic development of coastal areas and accelerationof urbanization process in full-scale,the demand for marine ecosystem servicesincrease.But some marine ecosystems is destroying and the capability of ecosystemsto provide these services decreases.Therefore,evaluating marine ecosystem servicesand studying the impact of human activities on them is important in the protection andsustainable development of marine ecosystem.Firstly the definition of marine ecosystem service is presented in this paper.According to the utiliztion of marine ecosystem service,the classification method ofmarine ecosystem services is established,and the formulation mechanism is studied.From the persective of ecological economics,the basic attribute of marine ecologicalasset and the relationship between ecosystem services and human welfare is discussed.Based on the economic methods to value ecosystem services and the characteristic ofmarine ecosystem services,the assessment model for marine ecosystem services areestablished.Finally application study is carried out in several typical ecosystemsincluding Sanggou Bay,Jiaozhou Bay,and Miaodao Archipelago.The main content and results are as follows:(1) Marine ecosystem services and their formulation mechanismBased on analysis of marine ecosystem services,the difference betweenecosystem functions and ecosystem services,marine services and marine ecosystemservices are discussed.According to classification method of ecosystem services givenby other scholars and the utiliztion of marine ecosystem services,marine ecosystemservices are be subdivided into provisioning services,regulating services,culturalservices and supporting services including 14 kinds of services.Finally fomulation mechinsm of marine ecosystem services,the ecosystem component and mainecological process which support the services,and the contribution of services tohuman being is analyzed.All the above study provide scientific basis for the servicesevaluation.From the perspective of ecological economics,the characteristic of marineecosystem assets and relationship between ecosystem services and human welfare arediscussed.The stucture of marine ecosystem services value,economic valuationmethod of marine ecosystem service are analyzed.Finally the assessment model ofmarine ecosystem services is established with the characteristic of them considered.(2) Study on ecosystem services value in Sanggou bayFirstly the ecosystem status and the impact of mariculture activities on ecosystemin Sanggou bay is analyzed.Then the ecosystem services which have been impacted isidentified.The change of ecosystem services value is calculated from 1994 to 2004.Based on ecosystem services value,cost and benefit analysis(CBA) model isestablished,which is used to assess mariculture activities in Sanggou bay.Acccordingto the result of CBA,some measures to improve the mariculture mode in Sanggou bayare given.The results show that:①Mariculture activities have great impact on ecosystem in Sanggou bay.From1994 to 2004,the total value of ecosystem services increases greatly,in which thevalue of food production increases a lot,but the value of oxygen production,climateregulation and water purification decreases.Therefore,the increase of total valuemainly results from the change of food production.②The result of CBA of mariculture activities in Sanggou bay indicates that thebenefit increase mainly result from the increase of economic benefit,coupled with theincrease of environmental cost (the value of other services such as climate regulation,oxygen production and water purification decrease).In summary,the improvement ofmariculture model in Sanggou bay should not only concentrate on the production ofcultured species,but also address the impact of mariculture activities on ecosystemservices and trade-off among different ecosystem services. ③The CBA model provides a framework for the impact study of humanactivities on marine ecosystem and integration of valuation of ecosystem services intoocean management.(3) Study on ecosystem services value in Miaodao ArchipelagoThe characteristics of ecological environment in Miaodao Archipelago isanalyzed and the main ecosystem services are identified considering the characteristicswith both land and marine area.The value of marine ecosystem services in MiaodaoArchipelago in 2005 is calculated.The uncertainty analysis model is established andthe model is used to study the ecosystem services in Miaodao Archipelago.The resultsshow that:①The value of regulation service in south-five island of Miaodao Archipelago isthe largest which reaches 43.17% of the total value.The value of culture servicesoccupies 37.87%,and the food production only reaches 18.96%.The value of bothregulation services and culture services account to 81.04% of the total value,whichshow that the dominant service isn’t the supply of food production in south-five islandof Miaodao Archipelago.This also reflects the characteristics of protected area.②The result of uncertainty analysis indicates that there is large fluctuation of thevalue of climate regulation and oxygen production,but generally they are relativelyconcentrated.When confidence level is low,there is a little fluctuation.However,when the confidence level increases,the variance percentage increases significantly.This indicates that although the characters of value is centralized distribution,therestill exists“fatty tail”phenomenon namely that the value still probably falls to theposition which is far from the average value of lower limit and upper limit.(4) Study on ecosystem service value in Jiaozhou bayThe main ecosystem services in Jiaozhou bay is identified,and the value ofecosystem services is estimated based on the survey in 2003.Then a model to assessthe loss caused by reclamation is set up which is used to estimate the loss ofecosystem services value from 2003 to 2006 in Jiaozhou bay.The main results are as follows:①The total value of marine ecosystem services in 2003 is 13.79×10~8 CNY,andthe value is 35623 CNY/hm~2.Among all these services,the value of provisioningservices is 91.02×10~7 CNY which accounts to 57.42%.The value of regulatingservices is 17.06×10~7 CNY which reach 12.38%,and the value of culture services is41.64×10~7 CNY and occupy 30.20% of the total value.Compared with mariculture activities in Sangggou bay and Miaodao Archipelago,the proportion of cultured alage is lower in Jiaozhou bay,which lead to low value ofregulating services.But the proportion of knowledge dissemination value is high andthe reason is that Qingdao is an important marine research centre,and many relativeresearch projects are often carried out in this area.This reflects the characteristics ofmarine ecosystem services which rely on the local area,and also shows spatialdifference of knowledge dissemination service.②The loss caused by reclamation in Jiaozhou bay is about 2.32×10~8 CNY from2003 to 2006 and there is about 0.58×10~8 CNY increment in loss on average annually.The total loss of ecosystem services is approximately 76×10~4 CNY/hm~2.更多还原