【作者】 顾丽华；

【导师】 王彦辉；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 自古以来,女性在社会生活中扮演着不可或缺的角色,因此有关妇女及与其相关的诸多问题受到众多学者的关注。历两汉四百余年,妇女生活展现出独有的特色。本文即在尽量吸取学术界已有研究成果的基础上,从五个相对独立而又彼此联系的方面对汉代妇女生活情态进行了探讨。从国家理论预设的理想妇女角色,法律规范、社会观念等对妇女生活的影响、塑造,到妇女对国家所提倡的人生角色的回应和向往,到现实生活中妇女多样化的风貌,通过多维的视角展现了汉代妇女生活的整体面貌,所得结论如下:第一章“两汉国家预期的理想女性形象与女性生活”。从汉代统治者的角度看,理想的妇女模式是“孝女贞妇贤母”。汉代统治者不仅在理论上构建起“男尊女卑”的性别秩序,而且通过对“孝女贞妇贤母”的道德表彰行为来引导社会风俗,在国家的舆论导向下,汉代妇女一方面以间接的方式积极参与到儒学的研习行列,将儒家所提倡的“男尊女卑”观念内化为个人的价值观,并进一步指导着其行为;另一方面,妇女在生活中以获得国家和地方旌表为殊荣,在人生的每个阶段都以“孝女顺妇贤母”的标准为目标。第二章“汉代法律规范对女性社会地位的定位与影响”。法律规范不仅约束着妇女的行为,影响着妇女的生活,同时也对妇女构成一定的保护。从汉代法律所规定的妇女财产继承权的角度看,随着妇女人生角色的转化,其财产继承权也发生相应的变化,从而为妇女生活带来了一定的保障。从“强奸”罪的判罚角度看,汉代妇女的人身权益受到一定程度的保护,但是在宗法制和孝道观念下,法律维护的是家长的权威,而非妇女个体的人身权益。从对“和奸”罪判罚的角度分析,则汉代法律维护家族利益和等级制度的宗旨和目的明显,由此导致日常生活中严厉禁止与已婚妇女的私通行为,及严惩那些违背了家族伦理辈份和等级界限的两性私通行为。但在现实生活中,女性既是家庭暴力的对象,也是家庭暴力的实施者。从法律视角,我们获得了对妇女复杂生活情态的直观认识。第三章“女性与家庭”。家庭是女性活动的主要空间,于此可见家庭背景和环境对女性而言是十分重要的。家庭环境不仅塑造着女性的生活方式,同时也影响着女性的生存状态。而个体家庭之间也是有等级差别的,处于社会不同阶层与等级的家庭面临着差别较大的社会环境和存在条件,来自不同阶层家庭的妇女必然也面临着迥然有别的问题与境遇。底层家庭女性在家庭经济收入中发挥着不可或缺的重要性,由此带动了妇女家庭地位的上升,对“男尊女卑”观念是一个有力的抵制。官吏家庭女性则凭借个人或为吏之母,或为吏之妻的角色,而间接的参与和左右着官吏的日常政务和刑狱决断。汉代独有的吏休制度则导致部分官吏家庭妇女与为吏的丈夫或儿子聚少离多,而底层官吏相对微薄的俸禄,以及为获清誉而置妻子于不顾等情况,导致部分官吏家庭妇女必须自食其力,由此获得一定的家庭、社会地位。第四章“女性天然的职责——产育问题”。对女性而言,生产和抚育幼子是其完成从在室女到为人妻、为人母的社会角色转变的必经过程。汉代婚姻“合二姓之好,上以事宗庙,而下以继后世”的功能,决定了产育问题与妇女生活密不可分的关系。汉代政府的人口增殖政策以及汉代社会的子嗣观念,一方面为妇女带来了相对优越的生育环境,同时也致使那些无法生育的妇女面临着人生的困境。科学与巫术并行的产育知识、产育观念同样给妇女生活带来了生机与困境。尤其生子不举观念对妇女身心健康造成极大影响。第五章“汉代婢女生活情态”。婢女作为汉代社会一个特殊的群体,她的法律地位是极其低下的。法律定位的卑微社会身份和依附者角色,决定了婢女婚姻对象的范围、婚姻的决定权、婚姻的形式等。但是在实际生活中,每个婢女担当的劳动种类和劳动强度轻重有别,与主家的亲疏关系决定了婢女担当着多重、动态的角色,从而影响着婢女群体内部生存境遇的千差万别。正因为婢女中存在生存境遇的差异,所以为婢不失为求生之路,这又进一步推动着普通妇女向婢女群体的流动。总之,在以宗法制度、家族伦理和等级身份等为价值核心的汉代社会,不同等级和阶层的妇女,以及同一等级身份的妇女群体内部生活境况不一,情态各异。更多还原

【Abstract】 Women always were an important group in the living in any Dynasty, who show a series of noteworthy characteristics studied by so many scholars. In Han Dynasty Women’living had a special characteristic. This thesis is divided into six major parts to systematically analyses the women’living conditions in Han Dynasty.Chapter One is“The impact and model to women’living conditions from the authoritative sources in Han Dynasty. It summarizes that the women’figures supposed by the authoritative sources of Han Dynasty depending on scholar’s speeches and official’s teachings which was a kind of binds to women’concepts and actions in certain degrees, impact and model to women’living conditions. The official in Han Dynasty commended that women who obeyed to parents, and being loyal to her husband and sacrificed herself for her children. As an honor commended because the above factors by official to women in Han Dynasty. The same times, the change and develops of Confucianism in Han Dynasty also had an active impact to women. Prefer to Confucianism made women approved the value encouraged by official.Chapter Two deals with“Women’living conditions in the perspective of the law in Han Dynasty.”The managing and controlling power of the properties need the woman who must have being mother and her husband had died or lost the power, the relationships and the effects of the property power of the woman in Han Dynasty and the change of the status and the character in a family were interdependent. In the same social stratum, the law in Han Dynasty ignored the rights and interests for the whole female. In the different social stratum, the law protected the some part women body rights and interest. In Han Dynasty,the crime of adultery was sentenced according to whether the accused were relatives or not and the punishment to them were different accordingly. The sentence of this crime generally obeyed the following principles: first, the accused woman should have been married; second, if the adultery happened between the officials and the civil people, it should be punished equal to the crime of rape. Considered from the aspect of the relative regulations of this crime, the purposes of this law were to defend the family order from the following three aspects which were the relationships of married between the clan, defending the rights of the head of the clan and ensuring the property inherited by the true son, the same time defend the rank and status.Chapter Three discusses“Women’living conditions in the perspective of different family in Han Dynasty. This chapter mainly explores women’s living conditions that which came from different social stratum, especially bottom women and the women coming from official family. In the bottom family, women’s work was very important from economical activity perspective. The functions of the woman’economy earnings in the earnings of the family in Han Dynasty as follows: dowry、the property inherit from the woman’family and all kinds of work by woman. In some special family the woman become the mainstay in the earnings of the family. In official family, women’living conditions were effected by official systems. This chapter mainly explores different culture surroundings in different family forms some living conditions traits.Chapter Four is“Women’living conditions in the perspective of bear and foster problems in Han Dynasty”.The official always encouraged giving birth to children every family by all kinds preferential policies, including orders coming from emperor and official policies in all areas. Government promoted early get married and early give birth to children to increasing population quantity, and help those poor people and children without family, by law controlling population quantity. This policies can protect women who had pregnant in certain .The same time, the ideas and knows of bear or pregnant effects women living conditions, especially the birth abilities can effect women’marriages, but women controlled by those ideas. In fact, the children also can be killed or abandoned, it effect women’strong of body and psychology.Chapter Five deals with“maidservants’living conditions in Han Dynasty”. This chapter firstly draws the outline of maidservant actual living conditions in the respect of national law and family rules. Investigates maidservants’actual life that under the umbrella term of laborer, the maidservants’roles can be further divided. Meanwhile, maidservants’practical living conditions varied according to the different roles they played in their masters’family. By investigating that maidservants existed widely in various social strata and the major means that women degenerated into maidservants, this chapter outlines the tendency of maidservants’increase in number. Entertainment women and maidservants had become a common social custom due to the decline of state control over in through Han Dynasties. It is mainly reflected from the increasing number and widespread existence of the amusement women. By examining this phenomenon from the sociology and female history point of view, to summarize the likely reasons for this trends, such a phenomenon has its roots in the pursuit of luxury life style, and broker groups or individuals dealing with the trading of amusement women and pursuit of money by women.To sum up, patriarch system, family ethics and social hierarchy as a basis view in Han Dynasty, women whether came from different hierarchy or in the same hierarchy who had a different living conditions.更多还原