【作者】 涂良川；

【导师】 胡海波；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 正义是关乎人类社会稳定与和谐、发展与进步的根本性问题。对于正义问题的思考,既是对人类社会组织模式与运行原则的思考,又是对人类生存和发展命运的思考。基于这种看法,立足于马克思哲学的思维方式、理论意境和价值理想,以人类生存与发展的正义问题为现实背景,研究马克思的正义观,构成了本文的理论主题与基本思路。以“现实的历史的人”为正义观念的价值主体,以人的自由解放与全面发展为正义观念的主题,以人类社会的生产、交换、分配和政治为正义观念的现实指向,以“历史观点”为正义原则的基础,是马克思正义观的基本特点。这一方面是马克思对希腊哲学传统、德国古典哲学、19世纪英国古典政治经济和法国空想社会主义继承与发扬的结果,另方面又是马克思对其批判和超越的思想成果。本文认为,我们应该从马克思正义观念的思想源流、理论主体与主题出发,在整体上把握马克思的正义观。正义与人的生命、生活有着更为直接、更为内在的联系。本文认为,站在人类性的立场上,以哲学的思维方式来理解和把握马克思正义观的本性与本质,是理解当代人类坚持和发扬马克思的“人的观点”正义观念的精神实质之基本方式。人类生命的本质与本性决定了正义的根本特质。正义观念是以实践的方式表达其属人本质。人性的逻辑是正义观念演进的基础。人在自身生存与发展的意义上提出正义问题、形成正义观念和进行正义实践。人的发展形态、存在方式和价值追求从根本上决定正义的理论根源、理论形态和理论品格。马克思的“历史观点”,是其正义原则的理论基础和思想前提。本文认为,马克思形成了事实描述与价值批判有机统一的“历史观点”的正义原则。这既突显了正义原则的规范性与批判性,又体现了马克思正义观念的实践性特质。以“历史观点”的正义原则,不仅仅是对历史中正义内容、方法和框架的理论表述,而且是从人类的社会生活和历史发展本身出发,对正义观的理论内容、思想方法、逻辑架构和理想追求的价值判示。马克思的正义原则,是对人类社会现存状态的事实性与价值性相统一的理论把握;是对现存社会状态的理论批判与价值性改造的统一;是对人类的正义性社会制度理想的理论构想;体现了事实性和价值性、历史性与现实性、现实性与理想性的有机统一;是个人和社会的真正和解;是保证人的自由个性生成,促进人类全面发展的价值性准则。马克思的“社会观点”的正义理论是在批判资本主义的过程中具体展开的。他从现实的生产、分配、交换和政治等层面深入地批判了资本主义制度的非正义性。本文认为,马克思的正义观念特别关注人类社会的生产,这决定他的正义观和功利主义、自由主义、社群主义的正义观有着根本的不同。马克思从现实的历史的人出发,深入地探讨了自由与平等、发展与进步、自由与解放等与人类生存与发展密切相关的正义性问题。马克思的正义观,不是抽象形而上学的思辨,而是在人的社会生产和社会生活中寻求人类生存与发展的理想目标、价值原则和现实途径。马克思的生产、分配、交换、政治等范畴,不仅是描述社会正义的重要概念,而且是批判资本主义制度的哲学范畴。这对当代人类理解、把握和解决正义问题具有重要的理论意义与实践价值。马克思以人的自由与解放为其正义观念的理论主题,表达了他“实践观点”的正义理想。本文认为,以人的自由与解放为正义观的主题,是马克思改变世界哲学观念的必然结论。人的自由解放与全面发展,不是获得法权意义上的权利、自由、平等和公正,而是人在人的世界、人的关系和人的活动中,充分地生成本性、占有本质。马克思的人类性正义观念是在彻底改变人的世界和人的关系的意义上,实现人的自由、权利、平等,获得人的独立、个性,拥有人的世界和人的关系。马克思的实现人类正义的解放政治,与功利主义的功利最大化原则和自由主义的抽象自由平等原则,在思维方式、解释原则和价值取向有着根本的差别。体现了其面向人类本身的价值追求与理论意境。马克思“人的观点”的正义观念,立足于人与社会的辩证性统一,从人与社会的一体性关系中来把握和考虑人类生存与发展的现实与理想。在本文看来,“人的观点”的正义观念,就是要从人本身出发,以符合人与社会关系本性的方式来理解、把握和解决人类的正义性问题。这既是马克思正义观的基本特点,又是当代人类社会发展的现实需求。马克思的正义观,是我们深入理解和准确把握当代中国人与社会发展中正义问题的思想基础。这种正义观,不仅能为我们提供解决现实社会发展问题的理论参照,而且还能为我国社会主义和谐社会的建设提供坚实的理论支撑。更多还原

【Abstract】 The justice is a fundamentality problem about stability and harmony, development and progressive of human society. For the thinking of justice problem, as is the thinking of the organizational mode and circulate principle of the human society, as is the thinking of being of the human and destiny of development. Basing on this opinion, founding on ideological way, conception of theories and ideal of pursue in Marx, taking the problem of justice in mankind existence and development as realistic background, to studying the concept of justice in Mars is the topic of theories and basic way of thinking in the paper.Taking“human of reality and history”as the worth corpus in the concept of justice, taking the free personality and completely development as topic in the concept of justice, taking the production, exchange, allotment and politics of human society as the praxis direct in the concept of justice, is the basic characteristics of the concept of justice in Marx. This is a result of that Marx had inherited and developed the philosophical tradition of Gereece ,the classical philosophy of German, 19-century political economy and socialism of France. Another is the result of which Marx had animadverted and transcended that. In this paper, author consists that we should think the concept of justice in Marx from the course of development, theories corpus and topic of justice ideal. So as to we hold at whole up the confidence Marx thought of opinion of justice.Justice have more directly and more inside contact with Human’s life. This paper consisted that bases on the Human position, comprehend to think the natural character and essence of the concept of justice in Marx with confidence mark with the thinking method of philosophy, is the basic way that the contemporary mankind insist and develop the spirit in the concept of“Human being”justice in Marx. The essence and natural character of human’s life comes to a decision the basic characteristic of justice. Concept of justice by practice it belongs to human’s essence. The logic of human nature is a concept of justice to evolve of foundation. Human puts forward the problem of justice, becomes concept of justice and carries on justice fulfillment from the meaning about being and development of oneself. The human development appearance, existence method and value pursue by the root theories source, theories appearance and theories character of decide the justice.“History point”in Marx is the theories foundation and thought premise of his principle of justice. This paper consists that Marx had the principle of ideological history in justices which is settled a dispute solid description and value the judgment be organic united. This since brought into relief the norm and judgment of justice principle, again brought practical characteristic of Ideological justice in Marx. With the principle of justice in“history point”, not only describes the contents , method and frame of justice in the history with theories of frame express, but judges in value about the justice contents, theories contents, thought method, logic structure and ideological justice coming from social activities and historical development. The principle of justice in Marx, is the theories confidence that the fact to the mankind social existing appearance and value mutually unify; BE the theories judgment to the existing social appearance and value to reform of unify; BE social system ideal theories speculation of the justice to the mankind; The body settles a dispute solid and value now, historic and reality, reality and ideal of organic unify; BE personal with social real reach agreement; BE the free character of the guarantor born, the worth standard helped the mankind to develop completely.The justice theories of“social point”in Marx is launched by concretely in the process for criticize the capitalist. Marx thoroughly criticized capitalist system not justice from the production, levels such as allotment, exchange and political etc. of reality. This paper consists that the Ideological justice of Marx has a basic dissimilarity with the Ideological of utilitarianism, liberalism, agencies doctrine, because Ideological of Marx specially pays attention to social production of human society. Marx deeps into thinking the problems about free and equal, development exist with mankind with progress, freedom and liberation etc. which develops closely-related justice. This ideological justice in Marx isn’t a think of abstract metaphysics, but the ideal target which looks for human existence and develops in the person of the society the production and the social activities, value principle and realistic path. The production, distribution, exchange and political etc. in Marx not only is important concept which describes social justice, but also is the philosophy category which criticizes capitalist. This comprehend, holds and solve the problem of justice has important theories meaning and practices value to the contemporary human.Marx takes the human’s freedom and liberation as the theories topic of the idea that expressed his justice ideal of“practice point”. This paper consists that taking the human’s freedom and liberation as the topic of Ideological justice is the inevitable conclusion of concept in the change world idea of Marx’s philosophy. The human’s free liberation and develop completely ,that is not acquire method power meaning up of right, freedom, equal with candor, but the person is in the person’s relation of the world, person and the activity of the person, adequately born man’s natural character, occupy essence. The Ideological justice of human being in Marx is in order to human’s freedom ,right, equal, acquire the person’s independence, character, own the world of the person and the relation of the person ,which bases on the thoroughly changes human’s world and human’s relation. Marx thinks of carry out liberation politics of Ideological justice in human being in the mode of thinking, explanation principle and value the mindset has basic difference with maximize the abstraction freely equal principle of principle and liberalism with the utility of utilitarianism. This reveals that the concept of justice in Marx faces to the mankind’s value to pursue and theories artistic conception.The ideological justice of“Human being”in Marx holds and thinks the ideal and reality about the existence and development, which founds on the unify and integral of person and the society. This paper consists that Ideological justice of“Human being”be wanted to set out from the person, comprehend, hold to reach agreement by matching human and society to relate to human’s natural character that the human’s justice problem definitely. This is basic character of the concept of justice in Marx. This is the realistic need of the social development in the contemporary. The concept of justice in Marx is the thought foundation, that we accurate confidence the justice problem in development of contemporary Chinese and society. This ideological justice can according to for the theories that we provide to resolve a realistic society a development a problem. This ideological can return an ability for our country the harmonious social construction of the socialism provide solid theories to prop up.更多还原