【作者】 王林昌；

【导师】 袁守启；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 环境规划与管理， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 随着国内石油资源的大规模勘探开发，对环境产生复杂多样的影响。论文首先简要分析石油开发产生的污染源和污染物，及其对环境产生的影响，并分析产生环境影响的原因；然后具体结合中原油田，进行现场取样分析、野外实地调查和室内模拟实验，测试了石油开发产生的主要污染物种类及其浓度，分析了石油开发对水体、土壤和植被的影响；其次建立数学模型，利用单因子法和模糊综合评价法对石油开发产生的环境影响进行评价；最后从政府、社会公众和石油企业三个层面，提出了减缓石油开发产生环境影响所采取的若干对策，为进一步深入研究石油开发对环境的影响及对策提供理论和实践支持。论文主要从以下几个方面展开研究：论文系统阐述了石油开发生产过程中产生的污染源及污染物及其对环境的影响。发现石油开发产生环境影响，与石油企业的理性行为，追求利润和石油产量的最大化，环境资源的市场配置失灵、政府失灵、公众的环保意识淡漠等因素有较大关系。具体以中原油田为例，通过现场采样、野外调查和室内模拟实验等方法，针对石油开发对地表水、地下水、土壤、植被产生的影响进行了实测研究；利用单因子污染指数法和模糊综合评价法，就石油开发对地表水、地下水及土壤产生的影响进行定量评价。通过对中原油田区域的金堤河和徒骇河进行取样测试分析，发现丰水期和枯水期，某些石油污染物已超标。其中金堤河的五个监测断面水质均低于地面Ⅴ类标准；徒骇河的丰水期和枯水期，河水均劣于地面水Ⅴ类标准；对油区村庄饮水井的地下水水质进行取样化验，发现地下水中Cl~-、COD和石油类等多项污染因子严重超标。认为石油开发对油区水体带来了一定程度的影响。对采油井场附近和土油池内的土壤进行取样测试，发现土壤中石油类含量随采样点距井台的距离增加而降低，土油池中各土层中石油类含量与采油井的开发时间长短几乎没有关系；室内土柱模拟原油淋滤实验结果表明，石油类污染物在土壤中迁移转化规律，石油类在土壤中的迁移渗透缓慢，在一定条件下能引起土壤的板结，改变土壤的物理结构；通过室内土柱模拟钻井液淋滤实验得到了钻井废液中重金属的在土壤中的迁移、转化规律，发现钻井废液中总铬在土壤的迁移速度较快，铅的迁移速度较慢，发现石油开发对土壤环境的重金属污染较小。利用室内盆栽实验和野外调查的方法，分析研究石油开发对植被的影响。石油类污染物对小麦的出苗率、株高、穗长影响较大；石油类污染物对玉米、大豆和棉花种子的发芽率均有影响，其中影响最大的是棉花种子；通过野外调查选择油井附近的苹果树和对照点没有污染的苹果树进行对比分析，发现石油开发对果树的叶片衰老指数、叶片叶绿素含量和苹果的营养成分等影响较小。从政府、公众和企业的角度提出应对石油开发产生环境影响的具体措施：①政府健全石油开发的环保法制建设，在石油资源开发市场中实施许可证制度，开源节流减少石油资源的消费量，缴纳环境履约保证金和推行环境责任强制保险等经济手段，以规范石油企业的开发。②通过加强环境教育的方式，提高公众的参与环保意识，公众通过环境信息公开、参加社会环保组织、法律手段等方式来维护自身的环境权益，向政府和企业表达自己的意愿。③石油企业在生产过程中应当考虑公众的要求，严格按照政府的环保法律、法规制定开发生产环保计划，建立并有效运行HSE管理体系，在生产过程中实施清洁生产、污染控制技术。希望通过以上措施，能够有效减缓石油开发对环境的影响，实现石油开发和生态环境的可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The large-scale exploration and development of oil bring various adverse impacts on environment. The pollution resources and pollutants, the impacts on environment during oil development were briefly introduced firstly in this dissertation. Then, through samples taking In-Situ, field investigation, indoor simulation experiment, the types and concentration of main pollutants was measured, and the impacts on water, soil and vegetation was analyzed. The evaluation method was established, and the impacts on environment were evaluated by using Single-Factor method and Fuzzy Comprehensive method. Finally, some countermeasures to reduce the impacts were put forward from three ways, government, the public and oil enterprises, for further reducing the impacts. The main work and conclusions are below:The research illustrates the source of pollutants and environmental impacts from the oil development process. It reveals the reasons of environmental impacts which not only the rationality of oil enterprise and the aim to maximization of profit and oil production, but also has a great relationship with the environmental resources and configuration of the market failure, government failure and lack of awareness of the environment.By taking Zhongyuan oil field as the example, paper do research on oil development on surface water, groundwater, soil, vegetation impact through on-site sampling, field survey and indoor simulation experiment; Analyze the impact of oil development by single-factor pollution index method. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method will be applied to the oil development process in the environmental impact assessmentPaper reveal that petroleum Development may cause serious pollution of surface water by the analysis of water samples from Jindi river and Tuhai river in Zhongyuan oil field. During the wet period and dry season of Jindi river and Tuhai river, none of the five monitoring sections to reach the ground water quality standard Class V. In view of the groundwater near the villages in oil field quality sampling tests which Cl~-、COD and other petrl pollution factors outweigh the standard level seriously, oil development has brought much more groundwater pollution.By investigating the soil near the well and oil tanks, oil materials in the sampling soil which have no relationship with the development time of production well become more less with the increasing of the distance between the sample point and the well platform. Through the interior soil column leaching experiments of crude oil, the law of oil pollutants transferring into the soil has been studied that speed of transferring and infiltrating seems quite slowly and may cause soil compaction and change the physical structure of the soil in certain circumstance. Through the soil column leaching experiment simulated fluids, the law of heavy metal transferring and infiltrating into the soil has been studied that the speed of transferring into the soil seems fast for Chromium and low for lead and as a result oil development will not cause heavy metal pollution of soil environment.Comparative analysis of oil development on the impact of vegetation is applied by the use of indoor pot experiment and field survey study. Oil pollutants not only impact wheat emergence, plant height, panicle length but also the germination rates of corn, soybean and cotton seed which is the impacted mostly. Through field comparative analysis between apple trees near wells and those without pollution, index of leaf senescence of fruit trees, apple leaf chlorophyll content and nutrient composition are impacted slightly by the development of oil.Specific measures for the environmental impact of oil development should be issued systematically from the perspective of the government and the public.①Government should improve the legal system of oil development, implement the permit system about exploration and development of petroleum resources and carry out economic instruments such as environmental performance bonds and payment of environmental responsibility to implement compulsory insurance in order to regulate the development of the oil companies.②Enhance public awareness of environmental protection by strengthening environmental education. People safeguard their own rights and interests of the environment and express their wishes to government and enterprises in view of the environmental information disclosure, taking part in environmental protection organizations and using legal means.③Oil companies in the oil development would comply with the provisions of various environmental protection laws and regulations, set up the effective operation of HSE management system, use pollution control technology to implement cleaner production in order to effectively slow down oil development impacts on the environment and realize the sustainable development of the oil development and ecological environment.更多还原