【作者】 王东；

【导师】 孙健；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 改革开放三十年来,我国农村地区的经济发展取得了长足的进步,不仅农业生产屡创历史新高,工业和第三产业也获得了蓬勃的发展,据统计,乡镇企业对我国经济的贡献度已经达到三分之一,成为推动中国经济增长的重要力量。而农村发达地区的经济和社会发展更是迅速,如浙江、广东、江苏等地的部分农村已经基本实现了工业化,居民生活超过小康水平,综合实力达到甚至超过部分城市的水平。但是辉煌的发展历史遇到了现实的挑战,之前那种依靠资源投入的粗放式经济模式已经难以为继,农村地区的经济发展模式面临着转型的迫切要求,要想实行集约型的发展模式,不仅需要升级设备、引进技术,更重要的是要有大量的合适人才,否则引进的技术、设备也难以发挥应有的作用,因此,人才成为农村发达地区经济转型的关键因素之一。此外,国家提出了“建设社会主义新农村”的政策,将农村、农业、农民问题提升到国家的层面,充分体现了政府对农村地区的重视。要实现这个目标,不仅需要通过多重措施如加大对农村的扶持力度、增加对农村的资金投入等来提升农村的经济实力,更重要的是要提高农民的素质,提升农村地区的人力资本水平,发挥人才对农村经济和社会发展的推动作用。但是,当前农村地区的人才状况却难以满足国家“建设社会主义新农村”战略的需要,人才问题成为实施国家“建设社会主义新农村”战略的重要瓶颈。经济发展的需要和国家政策的实施都受到农村人才短缺情况的制约,农村地区长期以来多是人才流出,尤其是每年大量的农村考生通过高考进入城市学习和工作,更是加重了这种人才缺乏的困境。特别是农村发达地区,经济基础已经达到了一定的水平,但是人才数量却十分有限,高速发展的经济与贫瘠的人才状况不相匹配,无论是产业的升级还是社会的进步,都受到人才的制约。对于农村发达地区来说,单纯依靠自身的人才培养实现人力资本的提升需要较长的时间,如能采取有力措施增加人才的数量并提升人才的质量,吸引人才到农村地区集聚,突破人才的瓶颈制约,是发展农村经济和社会事业的一条有效途径。人才集聚是在一定的时间内,大量同类型或相关人才按照一定的联系,在某一地区(物理空间)或者某一行业(虚拟空间)所形成的聚类现象。它有利于生产要素的优化配置和社会生产力的发展,不仅可以实现人才自身的价值,而且还会产生集聚效应,使集聚地获得先行发展的机会,加速创新和进步,促进经济社会持续高效地发展。因此,本文将对农村发达地区实现人才集聚的问题进行研究,分析农村地区实现人才集聚的可行性基础,考察人才集聚对农村经济发展的推动作用并辨识影响人才集聚的各种因素,建立不同地区实现人才集聚的模式并对如何实现人才集聚提出有针对性的对策建议。本文在研究过程中首先描述了当前农村地区的人才状况,并对农村地区的人力资本存量进行了计量,从计量结果看,农村地区的人才资本存量增长率在20世纪90年代中期以前一直高于全国人力资本存量的增长率,只是到了90年代中期以后才逐渐变慢的,这与我们通常的印象有所差别,但有其历史和现实的原因,具有一定的合理性。人力资本对地区经济发展的贡献已经得到了学术界的一致认可,而人才集聚作为人才群体的地区聚类现象,通过集聚效应对经济的发展有着更为明显的推动作用。本文考察了人力资本对农村地区经济发展的贡献,选取了农村地区的时间序列数据运用计量经济学的方法分析了人力资本对农村经济发展的作用,并且进一步研究了人才集聚对经济发展的作用,从而以更直观的视角证明了农村发达地区实现人才集聚的必要性。人才集聚的实现需要具备一定的基础条件,从充分发挥人才作用的角度来看,这种基础条件主要包括外部环境和内部机制两大方面。本文对农村发达地区的人才集聚基础进行了分析,认为并不是所有的农村地区都能实现人才集聚,只有农村的发达地区才具备实现人才集聚的基础,经济发展、社会进步乃至教育和文化的提升为人才集聚提供了基本的外部环境,但在企业管理机制等内部机制建设方面还存在着较大的差距,总体看来,当前农村发达地区已经具备了实现人才集聚的基础条件。如何才能大量的吸引人才到农村工作实现人才集聚呢?这就需要对影响人才集聚的因素进行分析,通常在分析这个问题的时候,主要是从微观经济因素、人才自身因素以及外部环境因素三个方面展开,本文借鉴这种分析模式,并结合农村发达地区的现实情况进行了研究,得出结论是:农村发达地区对人才的渴求决定了能够为人才提供优厚的待遇,这足以吸引相当一部分人才到农村工作;年轻的人才、具备一定水平且在原单位不受重视的人才最有可能去农村工作;制度性的因素对人才向农村流动具有一定的消极意义,但产业转移为农村地区的人才集聚提供了较好的外部环境。此外,本文还专门讨论了当前农村地区吸引人才集聚的不利因素,从而为后文提出有针对性的对策建议做好了铺垫。人才集聚在很大程度上离不开地方政府的导向和影响,而且地方政府出于发展经济和社会事业的考虑也会主动采取措施来促进人才集聚,但是不同的资源禀赋和市场条件决定了不同地区的人才集聚模式应该是各有特点,各地应该结合本地情况采取适合本地区的人才集聚模式。就我国农村发达地区的情况而言,东部地区和中西部地区就各有不同特征,市场机制的完善程度和政府对经济的干预力度都有差异,这就要求东部和中西部地区的农村应该分别采取不同的人才集聚模式:东部地区应该以市场调控为主,充分发挥市场调节资源的作用,也就是说应该选择市场主导型的人才集聚模式;中西部地区应该以政府扶持为主,同时以市场化的手段来增强人才扎根农村的信心,依托相对较强的经济实力实现人才的集聚。但就东部农村发达地区而言,南方和北方的差异也很显著,主要表现在市场机制在经济中发挥基础性作用的程度不同,因此南方和北方地区要采取的模式也会有所差异:南方地区在发挥市场基础性作用的前提下,着重完善政府对人才市场的调控和管理,也就是政府指导下的市场主导型模式;北方地区要强化市场机制对人才资源的配置力度,将地方政府工作的重点转向宏观管理与配套服务,从而形成以市场配置为基础、以政府宏观管理为补充的人才集聚模式。人才集聚模式只是实现人才集聚的大致框架,在这个基础上采取有针对性的措施才能吸引人才实现人才集聚,本文认为,通过加强人才集聚的外部环境建设和提升企业的内部机制建设,能够增强农村地区对人才的吸引力;同时,政府和企业在吸引人才集聚的过程中发挥着不同的作用,两者的定位与职能以及出发点各有差异,本文还分别对政府与企业在人才集聚中的行为进行了分析,希望这些建议能够为农村地区的人才集聚提供有价值的参考。江苏省华西村是我国农村地区迅速发展的典型,被誉为“华夏第一村”,2007年产值超过400亿元,经济实力非常雄厚,该村在发展经济的同时,也大量引进人才,实现了人才集聚。本文在最后一章对华西村是如何吸引人才的进行了详细的分析,依照前文理论分析的思路和框架,从华西村实现人才集聚的基础条件、影响人才集聚的因素以及华西村在不同阶段实现人才集聚的不同模式三个方面进行了探讨,通过这种现实案例的分析,能够更加直观、清楚的对农村发达地区的人才集聚问题有一个全面的了解,从而能够更好的实现人才集聚。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the reform and opening up in the past three decades, our country’s economic development in rural areas has made considerable progress, not only repeated records of agricultural production have been made, industry and tertiary industry also booming developed. According to statistics, the township enterprises’contribution in China’s economic has been going to one-third, and it has become an important force to promote China’s economic growth. Economic and social development in developed rural regions is rapid, such as Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu and other places. Some rural areas in these provinces have basically achieved industrialization, and the standard of living has exceeded“Well-off”,and the comprehensive strength has met or exceeded the level in some cities. But the glorious history of the development encountered the practical challenges: the kind of economic developing model relying on the extensive input of resources before has been unsustainable,and the rural region’s economic development model faces an urgent requirement in transition. To implement an intensive model of development, not only need us to upgrade equipment, technology and, more importantly, have more talents, or the introduction of technology, equipment is also difficult to play its due role.Therefore, talents have become one of the keys in economic restructuring in developed rural areas.In addition, the country put forward a "building a new socialist countryside " policy to raise rural, agricultural, and peasant questions to the country level. It fully reflects the Government’s emphasis on rural areas. To achieve this goal, not only need us to use multiple measures such as increasing support for rural areas ,increasing investment to enhance the economic strength of rural areas .More importantly, we have to improve the quality of farmers, enhance the level of human capital in rural areas, and make talents play a promoting role in the rural economic and social development. However, the current personnel situation in rural areas is difficult to meet the "building a new socialist countryside" strategy of the country, and talents has become an important bottleneck in the implementation of the "building a new socialist countryside" strategy of the country.The needs of economic development and national implementation of the policy are subject to the shortage of rural talent constraints. Many talents going out from rural areas has lasted a long period of time, especially many candidates in rural areas enter the city to study and work through the college entrance examination every year which aggravated the talents’shortage predicament. In developed rural areas, the economic basement has reached a certain level, but the talents’quantity is very limited.High-speed development of economy and barren of talents does not match the situation. Both the escalation of industrial and social progress are subject to personnel constraints . As for the developed rural areas, simply relying on their training to enhance implementation of human capital required a longer period of time. Taking effective measures to increase the number of personnel and improve the quality of talents and attract talented people to rural areas and finally to break through the bottleneck of talent constraints is an effective way to develop the rural economy and social undertakings.Talent congregation is a kind of clustering phenomenon which is formed by a large number of the same type or related personnel in accordance with a certain degree of contact, in a certain area (physical space) or a particular industry (virtual space) in a certain time. It is conducive to optimizing the allocation of production factors and the development of productive forces.It can not only realize the value of talents their own, but also make agglomeration effect and get first development opportunities in these gathering places.It will accelerate the innovation and progress and promote sustainable and efficient development in the economic society. Therefore, this article will study the problem of the realization of talent congregation in rural areas and analyze talent concentrated in rural areas achieve basic feasibility study talent congregation to promote rural economic development role and to identify the impact of talented people gather a variety of factors, set up in different regions the mode of implementation of talents and how to gather talented people gather to achieve targeted countermeasures and proposals.In this paper, the study starts from describing the current human capital situation in rural areas and taking measures of the stock of human capital there.Measurement results shows that the growth rate of the stock of human capital in rural areas before the mid 1990s was higher than the whole country’s, and only after the mid 1990s it gradually slowed down.Though it’s different from the impression we usually have, it’s some kind of rational because of its historical and practical reasons.The contribution of human capital to regional economic development has been recognized by the academic community, and talent congregation as a group of regional clustering phenomenon, has a more visible role in promoting economic development through the agglomeration effects. In this paper, a study of the contribution of human capital to economic development in rural areas has been made.Rural areas’time-series data was selected and method of econometric analysis was used to analyze the role of human capital to economic development in rural areas, and further study of talent congregation on the role of economic development has been made too.So that the necessity of talent congregation in rural areas was directly proved.Basic conditions are needed in the implementation of the talent congregation,and the external environment and internal mechanism are involved.In this paper, the basis of rural talent congregation in developed areas are analyzed,and the result is that not all rural areas can achieve the talent congregation and only the developed rural areas have the basic talent congregation implementation.The economic development, social progress and the upgrading of education and culture provide the basic external environment for talent congregation,but large gaps exist in enterprise management mechanism.In the overall view, the developed rural areas currently has already have the basic conditions on implementation of the talent congregation.How to attract talents to rural areas to realize talent congregation? It requires the analysis on the factors which affect the talent congregation.Usually , the analysis of this issue starts mainly from micro-economic factors, human factors, as well as external environment factors.Like the model ahead,this paper studied combined with the reality in the developed rural area ,and the conclusion is: the thirst for talent in developed rural areas enables to provide a good treatment for them and is enough to attract a considerable number of personnel to work in rural areas;those young talent who have a certain level and was paid less attention in original institutions are most likely to work in rural areas; institutional factors have a negative meaning on the flow of talented people to rural areas, but the transfering of industry provide a better external environment for talent congregation in rural areas. In addition, this paper devoted to the unfavorable factors attracting the talent congregation, which pave the way to do a good job later to make specific suggestions.To a large extent,the talent congregation can not be separated from the guidance and impaction of local government. And for the development of the economy and social cause,local governments will take initiative measures to promote talent congregation, but different resource endowments and market conditions determine the talent congregation adopted in different regions should have their own characteristics,and the models must be fit to local conditions. In terms of China’s developed rural areas,the eastern region,the central and western regions have different characteristics, degrees of market mechanisms perfection and intensity of government intervention in the economy are also different,which requires rural areas in eastern regions and the central and western regions should separately adopt different talent congregation models.The eastern region should be based on market-oriented regulation and control, and give full play to the role of market regulation, that is to say the talent congregation model should be chosen; the central and western regions should be based on the government support, while use market-oriented means to enhance the talent to take root confidence in the rural areas, and rely on the relative strength of the economy to congregate talents. However, in terms of the eastern developed rural areas, the differences between the North and the South is very significant, which mainly reflected that the market mechanism play varying extents of fundamental role in the economy of different areas, thus the South and the North should take different models: in the basic role played by the market, the South region ought to focus on improving Government’s regulation and management of the talent market, that is, the market-oriented model under the guidance of Government; the northern region ought to strengthen the market mechanism for configuration of human resources, and change the local government job to focus on macro-management and support services, in order to create a talent congregation model based on market-allocation and supplied by government’s macro-management.The talent congregation model is largely implementation framework of implementing talent congregation, and in order to realize talent congregation we must take target-oriented measures to attract talented people at this foundation. This article believe that strengthening the external environment’s construction of the talent congregation and upgrading company’s internal mechanism, can enhance the rural areas the attraction of talent. At the same time, governments and enterprises play different roles in the process of attracting talent, whose position and functions are different, as well as starting point. This article also analysis behavior of governments and enterprises in the talent congregation. I hope these suggestions to be able to provide a valuable reference to the talent congregation in rural areas. Known as "the first village of China", Huaxi Village in Jiangsu Province is a typical case of China’s rapid development rural areas, whose output value was more than 40 billion yuan in 2007. It has a quite big economic strength. As well as developing economy, the village introduces substantial human resources to achieve the talent congregation. The last chapter of this article carries out a detailed analysis of attracting qualified personnel in Huaxi Village. In accordance with the ideas and framework in the earlier theoretical analysis,the author separately discusses the basic conditions and the influencing factors of implementing talent congregation in Huaxi Village,and three different models used at different stages of implementation talent congregation. Through the analysis of cases in reality, we can get a more intuitive and clear perspective areas of the talent congregation in rural areas, and thereby be able to achieve a better talent congregation.更多还原