【作者】 宣晓冬；

【导师】 朱利中；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 环境科学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 各类组织资源利用效率低和废弃物产生量大已成为我国建设和谐社会，实现可持续发展的最主要障碍之一。推动和帮助各类组织主动开展环境管理是解决这一问题的重要和必要途径。建立环境管理体系(Environmental Management System，EMS)被认为有助于组织有效地实施环境管理，不断提升环境表现(EnvironmentalPerformacne，EP)。但迄今，EMS与EP的关系仍没有肯定的研究结论。为此，本论文依据我国组织开展环境管理活动的实践，通过建立可行的EP度量方法和环境管理方式有效性论证方法，论证组织建立EMS是否有助于其持续提升EP，并分析影响EP的主要因素，为我国各类组织有效开展环境管理提出建议。论文的主要研究内容和成果如下：1、调查了浙江省大学和全国饭店业环境管理活动的基本情况。根据初步研究结果，确定利用浙江省大学水电管理和浙江省饭店业创建“绿色饭店”实践，进一步论证EMS与EP的关系，并分析EP主要影响因素。2、根据度量EP既要考虑环境因素的物理量，也需考虑社会如何看待影响的特征，结合连续观测环境表现参数(Environmental Performance Indicator，EPI)三年及以上的情形，建立了EPI和EP度量新方法，并成功地应用于实证研究。3、针对只能获得开展环境管理组织EPI的情形，建立了运用二项分布假设检验法论证环境管理方式有效性的新方法。研究表明，从整体上看，浙江省“绿色饭店”按照EMS的要求开展环境管理活动，其多数EPI持续改进；而浙江省大学按其现行管理方式管理水电没有取得显著的成效。这说明，组织建立EMS有助于其持续提升EP。4、分析了影响浙江省大学和“绿色饭店”EP的主要可能因素。结果显示：保证环境管理要素的完整及循环执行是组织提升其EP的基础；核心利益攸关者的“压力”和“助力”是重要驱动力；组织目标包含明确可行的环境管理目标是前提；关心自身经济利益和长期发展是重要源动力；采取合适环境管理策略和方式方法是保证。5、提出了保证环境管理有效开展需关注的若干问题：组织最高管理者应充分认识构建EMS的必要性，持续关注和支持EMS的运行，高度重视环境管理策略和方式方法，并努力获得外界的专业帮助和指导；此外，政府应更多地利用经济手段促使各类组织实施环境管理。更多还原

【Abstract】 In China, the low efficiency of utilizing resources and too large quantity of wastesgenerated in all kinds of organization has become major obstacle to harmonious, andsustainable development. It seems to be an important and indispensable approach toencourage organizations to take proactive attitude to carry out environmentalmanagement in order to solve this problem. It is generally recognized that establishingan environmental management system (EMS) is helpful for an organization toeffectively implement environmental management and to continually improve itsenvironmental performance (EP). However, we cannot reach a definite conclusion onthe relationship between EMS and EP based on the existing literatures. Therefore,according to the environmental management practices of some organizations in China,this dissertation is going to establish appropriate methods for measuring EP, to furtherassess whether or not implementing an EMS in an organization can contribute to theimprovement of its EP, to analyze the key influencing factors of EP, and finally toprovide some suggestions to organizations for the sake of implementing environmentalmanagement effectively. The main investigations and results of this study are asfollows:1. Review relevant literatures and find out the environmental practices on a wholein the universities in Zhejiang province and hotels around China. Based upon thepreliminary researches, it is then decided to investigate the linkage between EMS andEP and the main influencing factors of EP through examining the water and electricitymanagement of the universities and the movement of establishing the green hotels inZhejiang province.2. Develop new approaches for measuring environmental performance indicator(EPI) and EP, with consideration for the requirement that both physical impact on theenvironment of an environmental aspect and how society perceives this have to be takeninto account when evaluating EPI and EP, and for the need of observing EPI for threeyears and above. Afterward, EPIs and EP of the universities and the green hotels inZhejiang province have been measured respectively.3. Propose a new method for verifying the effectiveness of a mode ofenvironmental management when we can only obtain EPIs of organizations that havealready had environmental management in place. It proves that, as a whole, most of theEPIs of the green hotels in Zhejiang province had been improved continually as theycarry out environmental management in light of EMS, and the universities in Zhejiangprovince did not achieve significant fulfillment since they adopt existing managementmode to manage water and electricity consumption. So, this finding strongly suggeststhat implementing an EMS in an organization can contribute to the improvement of itsEP. 4. Examine main factors that might influence EP of the universities and the greenhotels in Zhejiang province. The findings are: to guarantee the existence of allenvironmental management elements and to execute the elements repeatedly are thefoundation for improving EP; the pressure and the assistance from key stakeholders arethe essential driving force for an organization to enhance its EP; it is a precondition forimproving EP that the management objectives of an organization containsenvironmental targets; organization paying attention to economic profits or long-termdevelopment is an important source for energizing itself to improve EP; it is a guaranteefor achieving a higher level of EP to adopt proper management strategies andapproaches.5. Put forward several key issues to that attention should be paid for the sake ofeffectively implementing environmental management. The top management of anorganization should fully recognize the necessity of establishing an EMS, should followand support the operation of EMS continuously, should try to obtain professional helpand instruction from outside, and should attach great importance to environmentalmanagement strategies and approaches. Besides, governments should make more use ofeconomic measures to prod all sorts of organizations to implement environmentalmanagement.更多还原