【作者】 王昕红；

【导师】 别敦荣；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 高等教育学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 工程教育专业认证直接关系工程专业发展,是工程教育研究的基础问题。美国工程教育认证向来是我国工程教育认证借鉴、参照的主要对象之一。然而,目前的美国工程教育认证研究多侧重问题研究和制度引介,缺乏理念分析以及制度的逻辑溯源,造成了美国工程教育认证研究中一个令人遗憾的学术空白。因而,从专业主义视角探寻工程教育认证与工程专业化发展的内在关联,揭示美国工程教育认证制度的意识形态和内在逻辑,将美国工程教育认证研究深化到价值与文化的层面,具有重要的理论创新意义和实践应用价值。专业主义作为一种意识形态和社会制度,显示了美国工程教育认证从理念到制度以及行动的全部历史过程。作为西方社会在专业发展运动过程中所形成的一种认识专业或专业制度的观念体系,专业主义意识形态承认一种专门化职业的科学基础和专门知识,承认专业人员接受正式教育和训练,承认专业人员自主控制工作目标、方式和内容,承认专业人员通过集合性的方式,获得政府的“特权性”保护。简言之,因为坚信专业制度符合社会的文明进步并满足公众的最高利益,专业主义意识形态最终承认专业制度的合法性,并认同因专业制度导致的社会分化和不平等。在专业主义意识形态下,专业制度的构建需要依从专业化运动的发展逻辑,通过一个连续渐进的社会工程,呈现六个主要量纲。它们是:建立专业组织、建立科学知识体系及教育训练机制、建立伦理法规、提供利他性社会服务、获得国家市场庇护、实现组织自治。通过这一社会工程,专业制度完了两个相互独立又互相支撑的过程——进行市场控制和建立专业声望。专业主义社会制度得以构建。美国工程教育认证的专业主义理念产生和制度构建,是一种特定的历史文化过程。美国工程教育专业认证组织(ECPD)诞生于工程专业蓬勃发展但又充满合法性危机的年代,它的出现标志着工程专业发展进入了新的转折阶段。以组织为载体,工程教育认证建立了自治性专业认证机构,发布了专业认证标准、统一了专业教育质量,最终促进了工程专业的发展。工程专业认证标准,以建立工程的科学基础和知识体系为己任,通过确立工程知识的权威和市场控制方向,实现了工程知识的边界扩大,工程知识的精细化和工程知识的科学化。高等学校是实现工程专业认证的现实场所。大学通过专业科学知识体系的系统化,结构化,合法化和教育传承,完成了专业科学知识体系的构建,为专业人才的准备做出了贡献。更重要的是,高等学校还是专业文化孕育发展的场所。工程教育认证制度还是推动工程师伦理道德发展的重要力量。通过构建工程师伦理准则,制定工程认证伦理标准,工程教育认证为建立一个统一的专业伦理和道德做出了重要贡献。在漫长的专业主义之路上,美国工程教育认证与政府建立了联系。在州政府层面,以工程师注册法为依托,工程教育认证得到了政府的庇护。在联邦层面,工程教育认证组织经历了从接受认可制度的市场庇护,到解除认可关系的特殊过程。显示出在与政府的合作关系中,ABET既服务于至高无上的公共利益,又维护组织的学术质量改进目标和自治传统。进入21世纪,美国工程教育认证专业主义在遭遇危机和挑战之时,不断打破行业保护的一贯风格,通过与利益相关者的互动,进行着新制度的努力。可以看出,专业主义是美国工程教育认证制度发展的内在逻辑。作为一种意识形态,专业主义贯穿了美国工程教育认证制度的创生、发展、变革的全程。作为一种社会制度,专业主义对美国工程教育专业认证制度的发展路径和制度形态具有充分的解释力。在专业主义社会制度的构建中,工程教育认证与工程教育和专业发展相互作用,同步消长。借助于专业主义的解释力,美国工程专业取得了教育质量标准的统一、伦理道德的统一,实现了组织整合。同时,工程作为一门合法职业备受争议的窘境得以改变。工程师的社会地位和专业声望得以提高。更重要的是,以专业主义理想为依托,以专业文化为纽带,工程教育认证将高等学校专业教育与工程师职业发展相联接。最终形塑了一个完备的工程教育认证制度体系。在沿袭古典的专业主义理论模型的同时,美国工程专业主义还表现出专业发展的特殊规定性。通过集合性行为和持续质量改进能动地适应外部环境结构,达到专业控制与社会控制的和谐统一。同时,借助开放渗透的学科边界,创造了“亚同质”学科专业构建专业制度的独特案例,这一结果,为古典社会学理论模型平添新的生命力。概括而言,从1932年至今,美国工程教育认证以专业主义为指向,以专业发展运动为运动轨迹,完成了制度的形塑,在专业嬗变和社会变革中逐渐走向丰富和成熟。这些对发展中的我国工程专业教育认证制度的构建无疑具有重大而深刻的启示。作为“后发外生”型国家,尽管我国与美国的社会历史文化背景不同,但在全球化和知识经济的现实条件下,以“专业”建设为核心,以工程教育认证制度为“推手”,构建符合专业本质内涵和发展运动规律的工程教育认证体系,必将是今后一个时期我国工程教育和专业发展的重要任务和必然决择。更多还原

【Abstract】 The specialized accreditation of engineering (SAE), which orients the development of engineering profession, is the fundamental issue of the engineering education research. The U.S. system of SAE has been the major reference of its Chinese counterpart. However, current research of American SAE overemphasizes the problem-solution approach and the introduction of the system, neglects the philosophy analysis of the SAE research and the logical origin of the system, which poses a vacuum in the research of American SAE. Thus, from a professionalism perspective, this dissertation starts with the inherent association from the SAE and engineering profession development in the United States, probing for the ideology and intrinsic logic of evolution of the American system in SAE, therefore, analyze the American SAE from perspectives of values and culture, has a great theoretical innovative and practical value.The dissertation introduces the theoretical perspective of professionalism, which is an ideology in the arena of knowledge and a realistic social system. It indicates the entire historical process of U.S. SAE from concept to system and actions. As a concept of the system growing in the western society in the development of professionalization and in the process of forming a profession system, the ideology of professionalism recognition of a highly specialized knowledge and the scientific basis of a profession, recognition of formal education and training mechanism, recognition of professional autonomy determine the goals, methods and content of their work,recognition of through the collective manner and organizational approches, the profession obtains the "privilege" protection from government. In short, because firmly believing that the professional system is benefit to the social civilization process and meet the public’s best interests, professionalism ideology final recognition of professional system of legitimacy and whereby the lead to social division and inequality of the social structure. In support of the professionalism ideology, professionalization of a profession needs to follow the development of profession social project, through the projecct of continuous and progressive society, showing the growth of the six major dimensions. They are: the establishment of a professional organization(society, or association), to establish a scientific system of knowledge and education and training mechanisms, to development a code of ethics, to provided a social-orientation services, to obtain the market shelter from the government, and to form the system of collegiality. Through this process, the profession system end of two mutually independent system of mutual support and the process, that is , to obtain the the market control and have a high reputation,the ideology of professionalism and social system to build.U.S. SAE ideals and system building, is a specific kind of historical and cultural process. Engineer’s Council for Development (ECPD) was born in the engineering profession flourish but a crisis of legitimacy of the era, it marks the emergence of professional development has entered a new stage of a turning point. To it as a carrier of education established a professional autonomy SAE organization, issued a professional accreditation standards, unity of the professional quality of education and ultimately promote the development of the engineering profession. Engineering accreditation standards, to establish the scientific basis of knowledge and responsibility, by establishing the authority of engineering knowledge and control of market direction and realize the project to expand the borders of knowledge, subdivide the discipline of knowledge and build the scientific model of engineering knowledge. Colleges and universities is to achieve SAE of the reality of places. Through professional system of systematic, structural, and the legalization of heritage education, college and university contribution to make a high preparation of engineering professionals. More importantly, colleges and universities is also a cultural venues of idea of middle class and professionalism. SAE is a major force promoting ethical development engineer. Construction engineers through the reunification of the code of ethics, the development of ethical standards accreditation, SAE for the establishment of a unified ethics and morality has made important contributions. The long road to professionalism, the U.S. SAE contact with the government. In the state level, to the Engineers Registration Act as the basis, SAE by the government’s privilege, In the federal level, the U.S. SAE has received market shelter from the recognition system, to in the end to withdraw from the recognition of USDE. Show that with the cooperation of the government relations, ABET not only serve the paramount public interest and maintenance organization to improve the academic quality of the traditional objectives and autonomy. In the 21st century, the U.S. SAE in the event of crises and challenges, constantly breaking the occupation’s consistent protection of style, with the stakeholders of the interaction, the efforts of the new system.The dissertation shows that the intrinsic logic of the U.S. system of SAE is professionalism. As an ideology, professionalism goes throughout the origin, the growth, and the reform of the system. As a social system, the professionalism has sufficiently elaborate the development process and system features. The SAE, engineering education and the engineering profession co-exist and co-develop. The U.S. SAE system construction is simultaneously implemented with professional education in universities and colleges and the establishment of engineering profession. With the interpretation of professionalism, the U.S. engineering profession has established the unification of quality of professional education, the unification of ethics, and organizational integration. At the same time, the dilemma of engineering as a legal profession changes. The social status and professional reputation of engineers is improved. Moreover, based on the professionalism ideal, linked with professional culture, SAE connects higher education and the profession, therefore, the SAE system comes into being.The U.S. SAE system offers a breakthrough for the development of the theories of classical professionalism. While stressing the scientific basis, the closure of field, and the market monopoly, the U.S. engineering professionalism and also displays some of the inherent requirements. Namely: through the collective actions conquest of statues and continuous quality improvement of education quality to meet objectives of the external environment, the U.S. SAE obtains the harmonious unity of professional and social control. At the same time, the infiltration of subjects with open borders creates a unique case, which enriches the classical model of sociology, "sub-homogeneous" discipline constructs the institution of the engineering profession.In summary, from 1932 to now, orientated and completed by professionalism, the SAE develops into full-blown with evolution of the profession and social changes. The model of U.S. may inspire the development of the Chinese engineering specialized accreditation system. Although as "the exogenous"-countries, China and the United States of different social and historical and cultural background, but in the reality of globalization and knowledge-based economy under the conditions, "profession" is now become the core and the "pushing hand" of engineering accreditation system. Construct the SAE system of China, which according to the intrinsic logic of profession and development by the movement of professionalization, will be our important tasks and inevitable choice in the futrure.更多还原