【作者】 李文平；

【导师】 王宏斌；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 对民国前期的扩军与裁军问题的研究共分为四个阶段,即袁世凯统治时期、皖系统治时期、直系统治时期和冯、奉统治时期。由于每个阶段的社会历史条件不同,其扩军与裁军的指导思想和目的各异,表现出各自的特点。在袁世凯统治时期,由于辛亥革命和二次革命的影响,军队增加异常迅速,出现了一个扩军高潮,军队人数一度达到百万以上。军队扩充不仅使军费开支大增,而且威胁到当权者的统治和社会安定,裁军的要求也应运而生,形成了扩军与裁军相互交织的现象。黄兴、孙中山等革命党人出于建设民主共和的需要,同意对民军进行裁减;而袁世凯为代表的北洋军阀为了巩固自己的统治,在裁减民军的同时,尽量扩大自己的军队;面对迫切的军事形势,在民元兴起的各政党提出了各自的建军主张;而社会上的尚武思潮和军国民主义、和平主义、无政府主义等思想,又对扩军与裁军活动起到了推波助澜的作用。袁世凯的裁军政策起到了一定的作用,使军队的数量有所减少,地方都督或将军的权力受到部分限制。为使裁军成果得到巩固,人们提出了限制军队数量、裁兵垦荒、裁兵筑路等建议。袁世凯的扩军政策一方面壮大了北洋军阀势力,另一方面又加大了其内部矛盾和裂痕,埋下了分裂的隐患。特别是袁世凯的帝制活动,引发了护国战争,不仅导致北洋军阀的分裂,而且引发了新一轮扩军热潮,使全国陷入分裂和混战之中。在皖系军阀统治时期,中国军事形势呈现出三个新特点,即北洋军阀分裂、西南军阀形成与日本帝国主义在华军事影响的独占趋势,对扩军与裁军产生了重大影响。北洋军阀的分裂,形成直、皖、奉等派系,使北京政府的权力削弱,军阀割据形成。军阀们分别控制中央和地方军政权力,各自为政,竭力扩大自己的军队,使扩军陷入无序状态,也使段祺瑞政府的裁军计划流产。西南军阀的形成,造成了南北对峙的格局,使南方各省军队大量增加,战争频发,政局更加混乱,并引发了南北和议问题。在扩军方面,段祺瑞为了推行“武力统一”政策,依靠日本帝国主义的支持,编练参战军和边防军,培养自己的嫡系;南北军阀在自己的地盘内多方搜刮,扩充实力。在裁军方面,第一次世界大战的结束,军国主义的破产,和平主义的传播,使南北双方在上海举行和议,对裁军问题进行讨论;同时,在思想领域,社会各阶层由北洋军阀、知识分子到革命党人,都开始进一步反思中国的裁军之路,提岀了许多建议和主张，促进了裁军思想的发展。在直系军阀统治时期,皖系在直皖战争中受到沉重打击,其军队被大量裁减或改编,势力大大削弱。直系利用掌握北京政府的有利条件,大肆扩充军队,扩大地盘,达到了鼎盛时期。但盲目扩军也带来了一系列问题,如军费不足、内部分赃不均等,加剧了内部矛盾和分化,面临着分裂的危险。奉系在第一次直奉战争之后退回关外,在“保境安民”的旗号下“整军经武”,军队力量进一步增强。西南军阀也利用各种手段扩军,壮大力量。在此情况下,全国军队数量迅速增加,军费消耗急剧攀升,国家负担沉重,人民生活受到严重影响,引起了全国各界一致的不满,形成席卷全国的“废督裁兵”运动。在这场运动中,北洋军阀的代表、中间派别、国共两党及其代表人物,都提出了自己的主张和建议,丰富了中国的裁军思想。特别是中国共产党的诞生,使中国的先进分子开始尝试着以马列主义军事理论来分析和认识中国的裁军问题,揭示军阀扩军与裁军的阶级根源和经济根源,批驳军阀裁军的欺骗性,批评中间阶层裁军的不切合实际性,使人们进一步认清了军阀与帝国主义的关系,号召人们组织起来,打倒帝国主义和军阀,实现真正的裁军。在冯奉统治时期,以冯玉祥为首的国民军通过北京政变推翻了直系控制的政府,占据了大量地盘,军队由数万人迅速扩充到数十万,成为支配和影响中国政局的一支重要力量。冯玉祥在扩军政策上的重要特点之一是依靠苏联,在苏联的军事援助下恢复了军队,并在思想上追求步,所部逐渐脱离了旧军阀阵营。奉系在这一时期达到了它的鼎盛阶段,扩军至数十万,一度主宰着北京政权,控制东北、河北、山东等广大地区。但其扩军也带来了一系列问题,特别是张作霖手下的一些将领,随着自己军队的增加,地盘的扩大,离心力增大,使奉系呈现出分裂的倾向,郭松龄倒戈,张宗昌、李景林的直鲁联军出现,即是其表现。直系由于孙传芳在东南五省的崛起、吴佩孚的东山再起,军队在长江中下游地区的数量也有很大增长。在全国革命高潮的压力下,为了对抗革命军,张作霖组织了安国军,实现了反动军队的大联合,这是穷途末路的北洋军阀一种变相的扩军方式,预示着它的彻底衰败。在这一阶段,为了解决扩军带来的困难,北洋军阀召开了善后会议,与会代表提出了许多裁军建议和原则,引起了人们的关注。在扩军与裁军思想方面,现代评论派为代表的中间阶层提出了“军事善后”、“财政善后”等主张,反映了资产阶级的裁军主张。国共合作实现后,国民党在创建并扩大革命军、消灭军阀军队方面,进行了实践和理论探索;中国共产党人继续批评其他党派在裁军问题的上的各种错误观点,主张发动民众打倒军阀和帝国主义,建立人民武装取代军阀军队。尤其是在建立农民武装方面,取得了显著成绩,为建立新型的人民军队,进行了有益探索。扩军与裁军的理论和实践贯穿整个民国前期,是北洋军阀统治时期的一个热点问题。概括起来看,“扩充自己,裁减他人”是军阀扩军与裁军的基本准则,“增强实力,限制军费”是这一时期扩军与裁军的主要目的,“扩军导致分裂,裁军引发纷争”是军阀扩军与裁军的必然结果,而丰富多彩的扩军与裁军理论对后人具有重要的借鉴意义,值得关注。更多还原

【Abstract】 Altogether, there are four periods on the research of arms expansion and disarmament in the earlier stage of the Republic of China .That is, the period of Yuan Shikai rule, the period of the Wanxi faction domination, the period of the Zhixi faction rule and the period of the Fengxi and Feng Yuxiang dominating together.Because of there are differences about the conditions of society and history in each period. As a result, guiding ideology and purposes for arms expansion and disarmament are all different; all of them have their own features.During the period of Yuan Shikai rule,owing to the influence of the Revolution of 1911 and the second Revolution, an increase in the army is abnomally rapidly, there is a upsurge in arms expansion,the number of army was up to more than a million at one time;the expansion of army not only made miliary expenditure increase,but also threatened the domination of present president and safety of the society,and the request of disarmament was born,so it formed the mutual and mingled phenomenons of arms expansion and disarmament .The revolutionary partymen,such as Huang Xing、Sun Yat-sen,considering the need for the construction of democracy and republic,agreed with the disarmament on people’s army,but Yuan Shikai,the representative of the Northern Warlords,in order to consolidate his domination,tried his best to enlarge his army when he was decreasing army.Faced the pressing miliary situation,all kinds of parties born with the first year of the Republic of China also offered their own advice of the construction of army.At the same time, the ideas,such as the trend of thought for encouraging military force and militarism、doctrine of peace and the getting rid of army thought on the society made a stormy sea stormier for the arms expansion and disarmament activity. To some extent, the disarmament policy of Yuan Shikai worked,making the number of army reduce,the part power of the local generals was limited.In order to make achievements on disarmament consolidated,people put forward proposals on the limit of the number of army,reducing army to reclaim wasteland and reducing army to construct a road.On the one hand,the disarmament policy of Yuan Shikai strengthened the power of the Northern Warlords; on the other hand,it also expanded their inside contradictory and the rift .As a result,a hidden danger of split was seeded .Especially Yuan Shikai’s monarchy activity,made the war for protecting country broke out.This not only lead to the Northern Warlords’s split,but also brought about a new warm wave of arms expansion ,making the whole country fall into the mixture of split and tangled warfare.During the period of the Wanxi faction warlords domination, the military situation of China emerged three new features ,namely, the Northern Warlords split,the Southwest warlords formed and single tendency of Japanese imperialism influenced Chinese miliary ,all of these had a great effect on the arms expansion and disarmament,the split of the Northern Warlords took shape of several factions ,such as Zhixi、Wanxi and Fengxi,causing the power of Beijing government weaken and separatist warlord regimes came into being .The Warlords controlled separately the military and political power of the central and the local ,and they handled with politics of their own .Meanwhile, they tried their best to enlarge their own army, causing arms expansion out of order.Besides, the disarmament plan of Duan Qirui government was miscarried.The form of Southwest Warlords lead to the confrontation structure between the South and the North .As a result, the number of army in the southern provinces was increasing largely,wars broke out more often and political situation fell into chaos more serious than before .What’s more,it brought about peace talks between South and North.On arms expansion,Duan Qirui, in order to carried out the policy of uniting military force,was supported by Japanese imperialism.He organized and trained army on taking part in a war and defending frontier.Besides,he developed his own cliques.At the same time,in order to expend forces,the warlords both the South and the North made every effort to extort large sums of money from the people in their own domain.On disarmament,the end of the World WarⅠ,the falling through of militarism and the spread of pacifism made the South and the North hold peace talks in Shanghai.They discussed the disarmament problem.At the same time,on ideology field,people of all walks of life on the society from the Northern Warlords、intellectuals to revolutionary partymen all reviewed the road of Chinese disarmament going further.They offered a great many advice and propositions. All of these promoted the development of disarmament thought.During the Zhixi faction rule, the Wanxi faction was subject to a heavy attack in the war between the Zhixi faction and the Wanxi faction. The number of its army was largely declined or reorganized and its force was enormously crippled.The Zhixi faction took advantage of beneficial terms that it controlled Beijing government. Therefore, he did his utmost to strengthen the army without restraint and enlarged its domain, which was up to a period of great prosperity. However, expanding army blindly also brought about a serious of problems, such as lacking of military expenditure and not well-distributed on dividing the spoils, which aggravated inside contradictory and split. As a result, it took shape several small factions.It was facing the danger of split, the Fengxi faction returned outside Shanhaiguan after the first war between the Zhixi faction and the Wanxi faction.Under the flag of“safeguarding the border and people”,it reorganized the arm and military force, so the army strength was enhanced further. The Southwest Warlords also took advantage of all kind of means to expand army, enlarging its strength.Under this case, the number of the army increased rapidly, the expense of military expenditure raised sharply.The country burden was heavy and the life of people was affected critically, which caused all sections of the people throughout the country identically unsatisfied. At last, it formed the“abolishing Dujun and reducing army”activity which swept across the whole country. In this activity, the representatives of the Northern Warlords、the middle faction、the Guomindang and the Communist Party and their delegates all offered their own views and suggestions, which enriched the disarmament thought of China.Especially the birth of the Communist Party of China, which made Chinese people did their utmost to analyse and recognize the Chinese disarmament term with Marxism-leninism military theory. It revealed chass root and economic root of the Warlords between arms expansion and disarmament and refuted deception about Warlords disarmament At the same time, it also criticized middle class’s not suitting practice on disarmament, which made people further get a clear understanding of the relationship between the Warlords and imperialism and appealed to people to gather together to down with imperialism and realize the real disarmament.During the Fengxi and Feng Yuxiang together domination, Feng Yuxiang, the representative of the Guomin army, overthrew the government which was controlled by the Zhixi faction through Beijing coup and occupied a considerable number of domain, which brought the number of his army from tens of thousands up to dozens of ten thousand rapidly and formed an important strength on domination and influencing Chinese political situation. One of the most important features on the Feng Yuxiang’s expanding army policy was that they would depend on the Soviet Union.Under the military aids of the Soviet Union ,he regained army.What’s more, he pursued progress on thought.His faction gradually broke away from old Warlords camp. The Feng faction reached a stage of great prosperity in this period.As a result, it expanded army up to dozens of ten thousand.Besides, he dominated Beijing state power at one time and controlled numerous regions,such as Northeast、Hebei and Shandong.However,the arms expansion also brought about a serious of issues,especially some high-ranking military officers under the leadership of Zhang Zuolin, with the expansion of their own army, the enlargement of domain .The centrifugal force was also expanding, which made Fengxi faction emerged split tendency . As a result, Guo Songling changed sides in the war, Zhang Zongchang and Li Jinglin’s the united army directed by the Zhi and Lu faction occurred. All of these were their results. Owing to the rise abruptly of Sun Chuanfang in Southeast five provinces, the stage a comeback of Wu Peifu, and the number of the Zhixi faction army also expanded largely at the regoin of the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River. Under the pressure of revolutionary high tide throughout the country, in order to counter revolutionary army, Zhang Zuolin organized the army with the aim of protecting country and realized the grand union of reactionary army. This was a kind of covert way in expanding army belonging to cul-de-sac of the Northern Warlords , which predicted its totally failure. During this stage, in order to solve the difficulty which arms expansion brought about , the Northern Warlords held the meeting which dealed with problems arising from the arms expansion.The representatives posed a lot of suggestions and principles on disarmament ,which aroused people’s attention .On the thought of arms expansion and disarmament ,the representatives of modern commentary faction of the middle class put forward positions such as“dealing with problems arising from the military”and“dealing with problems arising from fiance”,which reflected the bourgeoisie’s disarmament views. After the realization of cooperation between the Guomindang and the Communist Party, the Guomintang carried out practice and exploring theory, while the Communist Party of China went on criticizing all kinds of mistaken views of other party factions on disarmament terms. They standed for organising the mass to defeat the Warlords and imperialism and setted up people’s armed forces taking the place of the Warlords army. Especially on starting farmer’s armed forces, they achieved great progress and carried on beneficial probes for setting up new pattern of people’s armed forces.The theory and practice on arms expansion and disarmamen running through the whole the earlier stage of the Republic of China, is a hot issue during the domination of the Northern Warlords. Summarizes looked that,“expands oneself, reduces other people”is the basic criterion of the warlord arms expansion and disarmament ,“the enhancement strength, the limit military expenses”is the main purpose of the arms expansion and disarmament ,“the arms expansion causes the fission, the disarmament initiation dispute”is the inevitable result of the warlord arms expansion and disarmament, the richly theory of the arms expansion and disarmament has the important model significance to the posterity, is worth paying attention.更多还原