【作者】 郭宝军；

【导师】 王立群；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 中国古典文献学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 在魏晋六朝兴起的总集编纂氛围中,《文选》后出专精,成为后来文人学习、效仿与进行总集编纂参照的典范。《文选》收录了上自周秦下逮萧梁一百三十余家七百余篇经典作品,但是,时间的隔膜阻碍了时人对其中作品的完满接受。因此,在当时音义之学兴盛的背景之下,萧该出于家学传承的自觉,首先对《文选》进行音注而又有略及意义阐释。在《文选》成书后不久,萧该的《文选音》成为文选学的滥觞之作。其后,江都曹宪于扬州教授子弟,弟子魏模、公孙罗、许淹、李善等人,均有《文选》音义类的著作。在此基础之上,李善对《文选》注释发扬光大,善注问世。善注考索文本生成与文词背后的知识背景,本有炫博与汲汲仕禄的意图,却并未取得意料中的结果。相反,在唐朝的政治纷争中一再失意,最终泯灭了功名利禄追求,在汴、郑之间设帐,以《文选》教学,诸生来自四方,也由此宣告了文选学的正式成立。从发生学而言,选学内核是注释学,且唐代文选学的成就主要体现于此。唐代科举考试中进士科地位的渐被重视使得《文选》作为示范功能的意义更加突出。然而,由于李善注本身的注释意图,并不适合社会一般知识阶层的需求,遂有开元六年的五臣注问世且在很长的时期成为士子学习《文选》的首要选择。李善注以文本之前的文本进行阐释,以陌生释陌生,违反了诠释的根本原则。五臣则以当时的语言,对此前文本进行阐释,以熟悉释陌生,卷帙适中,广受欢迎是情理之中的事情。唐代的《文选》是以口耳相传的讲课方式与记录、传抄的方式进行传播的。抄写、记录则打破口耳相传中传播者与传播内容不能分离的局限,由此可以进行地域更为广泛的传布,但同时也有可能使传播的内容以借名原注者的形式不断发生变更。在晚唐时期,据说李善注至少已经有五种繁简不一的本子。因此,当雕版印刷时代对《文选》进行刊刻时首先面临着诸本不一的尴尬局面,对《文选》及其注释进行校勘与清整就成为必然。从五代孟蜀时期毋昭裔整理刊刻五臣注开始,《文选》传播就开始进入了雕版印刷的时代。整理者首先需要对众本进行比较,选取认为较好的本子,参校他本,进行编纂,以刊版印刷的方式将其定型,这对传播内容的统一规范起了很大作用,也使得可能脱离注释者原注的内容以刊本的形式获得了似乎合法的地位。五臣之后,李善注由国子监刊刻,国家对李善注的刊版并没有阻止五臣注的流行,对二家之注的不同需求以及二本的不同层面特征,促使合并本出现。元祐九年秀州州学的编纂与刊刻六家本使唐代公孙罗的努力方向真正落到了实处。秀州本以五臣注为底本,将李善注进行拆分,并入相应的正文之下,以存异为主,两家相同,则多删善注。此后的明州州学刊本,则是在秀州本系统内的局部修补,整体变化不是很大,对秀州本的编纂原则进一步贯彻,且有溢出编纂原则的倾向。南宋初年的赣州本,则是颠倒六家,强调李善注,在这一反一正的过程中二家之注的界域更加模糊。由于李善注的广博适应宋人重知识的需求,导致淳熙年间又一次出现了李善单注本。这次的单注本与宋初国子监刊刻之本之间的距离已经渐趋拉大,更具有广采博取的倾向。同时,在宋代《文选》传播之中,五臣注一直作为一种深层背景的方式的进行流布,它虽然在一些时期被凸显,但整体可以视为宋代文选传播的背景,在社会一般知识阶层中一直平稳地传承。对《文选》进行清整,对正文及其注释进行校勘、编纂,然后进行刊刻。宋代《文选》的刊刻成就卓著,这是《文选》版本史上的肇始与黄金时代,其刊刻的诸本成为后来众多本子的祖本。宋代《文选》的刊刻与繁荣一是由于宋代文化社会的建构与定型,二是因为国家政治系统中权益诱惑之下,科举考试中诗赋科目的地位被不断彰显。通过考究宋代《文选》刊刻,既可以发现南北不同的文化风俗的地域差异从而导致殊途同归的追求,也能发现南北士人在挤入宋代国家权力系统中的不同努力手段与方向。宋代《文选》的传播与科举考试的导向密切关联。通过对天水一朝科举制度的变更与《文选》传播与刊刻的详细对比研究,可以发现科举考试中诗赋与策问、经义的地位变化直接左右着《文选》的刊布。当“《文选》烂”,得不到“秀才半”的回报时,或者“《文选》烂”与“秀才半”失去必然的联系时,《文选》的传播与接受就必然衰落。这在王荆公变法的熙、丰年间表露无遗。然而,正如历史展现的那样,王安石的激进改革超越了他的时代,其对科举科目的变更随着其改革的失败戛然而止。此后的时期,文选学重获新生,尤其是在南宋初年以后的科举制度渐趋稳定以降,终宋一代,《文选》的传播也相对表现为一种非常平稳的态势。这种态势并不与后来学者所述的熙丰以后选学遂衰的结论相符。同时,对宋代不同注本的历时性考究,能够展现出时代因素、回报程度、文人领袖倡导等因素对《文选》不同版本选择的差异。宋代《文选》研究缺乏专书,《李善与五臣同异》作为较早的校雠著作,表现出原始的粗糙与不全面的特征。高似孙的《选诗句图》是为其子孙整理的学习材料,在摘句批评的形式中暗含了推源溯流与意象批评的意味。宋代《文选》研究缺乏专著,并不意味着对其研究的缺失,而是散入当时众多的笔记等著作中以短章的方式呈现的。通过对这些短章的搜检,然后进行宏观的审视,可以发现,宋代的研究涉及到《文选》编纂、《文选》注家优劣、《文选》注文考订、《文选》文本评论、《文选》文体考察等诸多方面。在这些方面,宋人的研究均有可圈点之处。从“长时段”而言,这个时期成为文选学从注释转向考订的萌生并初步发展的阶段,也由此发现,清代文选之学的重兴在学术理路上不是突兀而至的。宋人对《文选》接受的深度与影响可以通过宋代对《文选》的改编、续书方面进行效果史的研究。从截取《文选》部分内容,比如诗歌、双字等,以此彰显《文选》部分内容,是宋人适应时代之需,以一种简略的方式对《文选》接受的努力。而《文选》的编纂体例与编纂方式,则在深层影响了宋代及其以后的总集编纂。以“大文选学观”的视野,从追寻文选学的成立开始,对宋代《文选》注释编纂、刊刻、传播、研究评论、续编这样本身就是一个前后相继流程的诸多层面进行考察宋代文选学的实绩,可以确定,以往认为文选学平庸时代的宋代,确有许多不平庸的表现。更多还原

【Abstract】 With more and more individual collections in which better and worse works coexisted coming out in the Wei and Jin Dynasties,the works needed choosing so that group collections came into being.In the atmosphere of compiling the collections,Wen Xuan(selections of literary works) became better and better because of its coming out later. Wen Xuan became the model that literators and scholars learned from.Xiao Tong selected more than seven hundred collections from Zhou to Liang.Because of the long time gap,persons at that time felt diffcult on understanding the works completely so that they need explanatory notes.Xiao Gai (Xiao Tong’s nephew) was the first to explain the works in Wen Xuan Yin.After Xiao Gai,Cao Xian taught students Wen Xuan in Jiang Du.Among the learners, Li Shan was the best. Li Shan surpassed his tutor and completed a new explanatory woks called Li Shan Zhu.Li attented to background knowledge by unearthing the origin of the words and expressions in the texts.Li Shan wanted to show off his erudite knowledge in order to get an official position,but he failed.After that,he contribute himself to teaching between Bian and Zheng.Large numbers students gathered anywhere,so Wen Xuan Xue(study of literary anthology) was established formly.From the initial establishment,Wen Xuan Xue’s main core was on notes.Because of the Jinshi Ke’s important position and Wen Xuan’s model role,scholars payed more attention to Wen Xuan.But Li Shan Zhu was not suitable for beginners because of its own features,so that Wu Chen Zhu(five scholars interpretability on Wen Xuan)that was concise came out.Wu Chen Zhu attented to explain ancient language by vulgate words at that time,so that it became the first selection of the learners.Between Lishan Zhu and Wuchen Zhu,Gong Sunluo’s Wen Xuan Chao possessed their features,but it didn’t surpass either of the two.In the Tang Dynasty,Wen Xuan’s spreading by both oral and copied way.It was possible for Wen Xuan to be spreaded widely because the copied broke the gap between communicators and content,in the meanwhile,it was possible for Wen Xuan’s text to be changed.In the late Tang,it was said that there were at least five copies of Lishan Zhu. When the carved and printed times came,they felt embarrassed about different copies.It was necessary for them to select a better copy and collate it.Wuchen Zhu was the first to be carved and printed in the Five Dynasties and Lishan Zhu’s in the Early Song Dynasty.The scholars’s different requirements made combined copies come out,such as Xiuzhou Ben,Mingzhou Ben,Ganzhou Ben,etc. In Xiuzhou Ben,Wuchen Zhu was arranged before Lishan Zhu,otherwise Ganzhou Ben was just opposite.The combined copies made Lishan Zhu and Wuchen Zhu mixed.In the Chun Xi years,Lishan Zhu was again printed.There were lots of different printed Wen Xuan copies in the Song Dynasty. Some of them were the origin of later copies after Song.Through the different places of carved and printed copies,we found that different custom and culture existed in north and south.The direction of imperial examinations influenced on the Wen Xuan’s spreading.Comparing the variety of the system of imperial examinations to Wen Xuan’s printing,we foud out that Jinshi Ke influenced the speading of Wen Xuan immediately.Wen Xuan’s spreading could decline when the scholars could not get the corresponding return by studying Wen Xuan.It was obvious in the Xi Ning and Yuan Feng years when Wang Anshi reformed radically,but,as the history showed us,Wang’s reform surpassed his times so that he must failed.The effect on Wang’s reform was not more profound than we image before.After Early Southern Dynasty,Wen Xuan’s spread was balanced with the system.The fact there were little works on Wen Xuan in the Song Dynasty was not mean that the scholars didn’t pay attention to Wen Xuan.The Differences between Lishan Zhu and Wuchen Zhu was the only and earlier works on collating,but it was incomplete and rough.Gao Sisun’s Xuan Shi Ju Tu was chosen from Wen Xuan for his children’s learning,and it implied tracking fountains streams down and image criticism.In fact,more critical words were spreaded around sketchbooks.The books came down to Wen Xuan’s compiling,notes’excellent or bad,textual research,correcting mistakens,seeing about style,etc.In all,the study on Wen Xuan in the Song Dynasty was all-around.From them we found out that Wen Xuan’s booming in the Qing Dynasty did not stood upright.The depth and thickness of acceptance of Wen Xuan in the Song Dynasty could be found in their literature,but it is diffcult for me to study by this way.So we research their adapting Wen Xuan and continuation.Intercepting parts of Wen Xuan,such as songs and words.The part showed us the scholars’studying Wen Xuan by a curt way.The compiling style and mode about Wen Xuan influenced their compiling group collections deeply.According to“large Wen Xuan Xue”,we pursue the establishment of Wen Xuan Xue,compiling,carving and printing,spreading,criticism,continuation.In a word,Wen Xuan Xue in the Song Dynasty was not mediocre at all.更多还原