【作者】 胡门祥；

【导师】 李育民；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 条约是国际法主体之间按照国际法产生、改变和废止相互间权利义务的书面协定。条约关系则是国际法主体之间以条约为依据而形成的一种国际法律关系。晚清中英条约关系在中外条约关系中具有开拓性地位,一方面侵害了中国的主权,另一方面又带来了近代国际关系的新模式和部分体现平等原则的内容。从法律关系角度对其进行整体考察,可在一定程度上完善本课题的研究,有助于揭示中国从传统走向近代的艰难历程,对当代中国外交也具有一定的借鉴意义。本文分绪论、正文、结语三个部分对这一问题进行探讨。绪论部分介绍了选题意义、本题的研究状况,提出了研究方法与研究思路,说明了本文的创新与不足,并对条约关系的概念与特征、要素、运行、规范等问题进行了阐述。正文部分共分七章。第一章对晚清中英条约关系进行历时性探讨。认为其经历了酝酿、产生、确立、发展等几个阶段,英国是晚清中英条约关系变迁的主要推动者。第二章考察了不平等性质的中英条约关系。认为这种不平等的关系表现为缔结程序、条约形式及具体内容的不平等。本章并结合国际法的演变对其效力进行了辨析。第三章对中英平等条约及条款进行了比较细致的梳理,指出了其在整个中英条约关系中的地位与作用。第四章论述了中英履行条约的方针与态度。认为清政府确立了守约方针并采取了相关措施,英国在要求清政府守约的同时,自己却不能恪守条约。清政府的守约是一种效果不佳的防御措施,英国的守约则更多是一种对清政府的约束,以及自律的不足。第五章探讨了条约履行中的矛盾、冲突与交涉。本章对中英条约履行中比较突出的各种争端进行了梳理与解析,展示了中英条约关系动态运行的基本面向。第六章考察晚清中英条约关系的改善问题。认为清政府逐渐生成了修约的意识,并为此进行了一番筹划与努力,但中英条约关系改善甚微。本章通过中日修约的比较,揭示了其中的原因,并指出这种有限改善的作用与影响。第七章探讨清政府与英国私法人订立的合同与章程,即所谓“准条约”。本章在厘清其类别及内容的基础上,揭示其国内契约的性质与强权政治的特质,并探讨了这种“准条约”对中国所产生的效应。结语部分进一步辩明了晚清中英条约关系的不平等性质,分析了其地位与影响,揭橥其对当代外交的启示,并简要回顾了其走向终结的历程。更多还原

【Abstract】 The treaty is a pact in written form between subjects of international law,which,according to the international law, produces,changes and abolishes their mutual rights and obligations.The treaty relation,formed on the basis of treaties,is a kind of international law relation between subjects of international law.Sino-Britain treaty relation in the late Qing Dynasty was a leader in the treaty relation between China and other nations.It damaged the sovereignty of China on the one hand,but on the other hand,it brought new modes of international relations and some content which embodied equal principle.To study Sino-Britain treaty relation in the late Qing Danasty from the perspective of law relation, may enhance the study of this question to some extent,help to reveal the difficult process in which China walked from its tradions into modern time,and contemporery chinese diplomacy may use it as a reference.This text has three parts,that is introduction,main body and conclusion,to discuss this promblem.The introduction part introducs the meaning of choosing the topic and the present situation of study in this field,puts forward my own research methods and research train of thought, explains the innovation and shortage in this text,and elabrorats the concept and characteristics,main elements, movements,rules of the treaty relation.The main body is divided into seven chapters.Chapter 1 discusses the history of Sino-Britain treaty relation in the late Qing Dynasty.It takes the view that this relation experienced a few stages,such as ferment,creation, establishment,and development.Britain was the main push of this relation.Chapter 2 investigats the unequal Sino-Britain treaty relation in three aspects,e.g.proceedings of concluding treaties,treaty form and concrete contents.This chapter also differentiates and analyzes the law effect of the discussed treaty relaton,taking the change of international law into consideration.Chapter 3 meticulously combs the equal Sino-Britain treaties and clauses,and points out their position and function to the Sino-Britain treaty relation as a whole.Chapter 4 discusses the policy and attitude that China and Briain took in implementing treaties.It takes that the Qing government established a treaty-abiding policy and adopted related measures,while Briain failed to abide the treaties in eanest and requested chinese government to abide the treaties.The treaty-abiding policy of the Qing government was ineffective defense measures,Britain aimed at disciplingChinawhile it was not enough in discipling Britain itself.Chapter 5 discusses the contrdictions,conflicts and negotiations in implementing treaties.This chapter carefuly studied the outstanding disputes in implementing treaties,thus displaying the baisic aspects of how Sino-Britain treaty relation operated.Chapter 6 investigates the improvement of Sino-Britain treaty relation in late Oing Dynasty.It takes that the Qing government gradually produced the consciousness of revising treaties,made some plans and made some effort,but treaty relation improved very little.In comparison with why Japan successfully revised its treaty relation with Britain,this chapter revealed the reasons in it,and points out the function and influence of this limited improvement.Chapter 7 studies the contracts and regulations concluded between the Qing government and British private legal persons,namely the so-called "quasi-treaty".This chapter clarifies their class and contents,reveals its nature of civil contracts as well as its characteristic of the power politics,and discusses how this kind of "quasi-treaty" effected China. The conclusion part reveals the unequality of Sino-Britain treaty relation in late Qing Danasty,analyzes its position and influence,and points out its inspirations to contemporery diplomacy,and looks back the process of its road to the end.更多还原