【作者】 笪浩波；

【导师】 张正明； 王玉德；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 区域文化史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 研究长江中游新石器时代文化与生态环境的关系及其互动演进规律,不仅对复原长江中游古代的人地关系具有意义,而且对当代保持生态平衡和维护生态环境可持续发展具有重要的借鉴意义。本文立足考古学,借以地质学、地理学、环境学、生态学及统计学等学科的理论方法和研究成果,对长江中游新石器时代文化与生态环境的关系进行了全方位的研究,以期复原长江中游新石器时代的生态文化,并进一步探讨生态环境在文化形成与发展中的作用,从而揭示长江中游新石器时代文化的演替与环境变迁之间的关系—即人地互动规律。第一章运用多学科的研究成果,对长江中游第四纪生态环境变迁进行了复原研究。本文认为长江中游新石器时代的地形、地貌基本接近现在,只是河流有摆动,湖泊有涨落变化。新石器时代大部分处在全新世的大暖期,气候一直趋向温暖湿润,但其间也有冷暖期交替变化。10000a.B.P～8500a.B.P为温暖期,8500a.B.P～7800a.B.P为降温期,7800a.B.P～5600a.B.P为温暖期,5600a.B.P～5400a.B.P为降温期,5400a.B.P～4700a.B.P为温暖期,4700a.B.P～4200 a.B.P为降温期,4200a.B.P～3000a.B.P为温暖期。气候的波动直接影响河流、湖泊的水文及动植物的种属和分布的变化,从而导致生态环境发生变迁。生态环境的变迁对人类的生活、生产及社会环境产生了一定的影响,从而催生文化和促使文化演替。长江中游的气候变化与新石器时代文化的演替存在同步性,气候适宜期,社会稳定,文化发展繁荣;气候波动期,社会动荡,文化出现倒退甚至衰落。文化的新旧交替往往出现在冷暖期的转换期。第二章从稻作的起源、稻作农业的发展、区域生计类型的形成、手工业生产等方面对长江中游新石器时代的生计经济与生态环境的关系进行了复原研究。本文认为稻作起源是客主观条件综合作用的结果,生态环境的变迁是稻作起源的主要诱因,解决人口增长的压力是稻作起源的直接动因,而人类的生产力及技术水平则是稻作起源的动能。综合考察得出结论:长江中游的南岭以北地区是稻作的起源地,而适宜水稻种植的洞庭湖平原则是稻作农业的主要发展区。稻作农业的初步发展在城背溪文化晚期至皂市下层文化时期,主要表现是定居农业居落的出现、古栽培稻的多向分化、稻作农具的细化、稻作农业区的向外扩展。汤家岗文化至大溪文化时期出现了水田灌溉系统,稻作农业区的格局基本形成。屈家岭文化至石家河文化时期,水稻得到优选改良,粮食产量有了较大的提高。本文认为区域生计类型的形成与生态环境存在密切的关系,局域地形地貌的差异、生态资源的多样性是形成不同的区域生计类型的主要原因之一。从各个区域食物遗存、生产工具的种类、数量统计分析结果看,以高山、峡谷和森林为主的峡江区呈现渔猎为主的生计类型,以河谷平原和中山坡地为主的汉水中游区呈现以水旱作物种植兼作的生计类型,而以低岗、湖沼、平原为主的两湖平原则呈现水田农业生计类型。本文认为资源分布的不平衡则是区域手工业类型差异产生的原因之一,峡江区有丰富的石料,石器制造成为峡江区的主要手工业,并可能用于交换,陶器制作则相对落后;汉水中游区既有石料也有泥土,所以,汉水中游的石器制造业和陶器制造业并举,但汉水中游的手工业生产品主要是满足内部生产和生活的需求;两湖平原有着丰富的泥土资源,但缺乏石料,因此,手工业以陶器制造为主,并可能用于贸易,虽然无石器制造作坊,但家庭制作的石器都较精致表明石器的珍贵和使用持久。第三章采用统计学和空间分析的方法对长江中游的聚落遗址的时空分布、聚落类型分布、聚落的结构功能布局以及聚落的规模与生态环境的关系进行了研究。本文认为,从时间上看,各个不同文化时期或同一文化时期不同发展阶段聚落数量的变化与生态环境要素特别是气候的变化具有同步性,气候稳定期,聚落数量增多;气候波动期,聚落数量减少。从空间上看,气候适宜期,聚落呈扩散式的分布;气候反常期,聚落呈聚集式的分布。而聚落分布密度的变化以及分布区域的变化与各个时期文化中心的变化具有一致性,文化中心转移到哪个区域,哪个区域的聚落分布密度就增大。同一时期区域聚落分布的密度又随距离中心区域的远近距离发生变化,距离越近,密度越大;距离越远,密度越小。本文认为,聚落类型的分布与人类的生存需求有很大的关系,水、食物、安全是人类选择居住环境的三个主要因素,由此形成了各种类型的居住环境。农业聚落选择地势平坦、河湖交错、土质肥沃的河谷平原地区生活;渔猎聚落则选择林木繁盛、动植物资源丰富的山涧河岸生活。房屋的建造方式和结构则与各个区域的地形地貌及气候等因素有关,地形宽阔、暖湿的两湖平原流行经过防潮处理的方形庭院式房屋,地形狭窄、温凉的汉水中游流行圆形或长条形房屋的建筑形式。聚落内部的空间布局则是依不同的功能而安排,功能区域的布局则是顺应自然地形、地貌的情形而为,不同的需求结合不同的地形、地貌构成不同的功能区的划分。总的原则是满足需要,最大限度地利用自然环境的便利条件而极少去改变环境。这充分体现了当时人们以适应自然为主,利用自然为自己服务的生态思想。第四章从生态系统论的观点出发,着重分析了区域大生态系统及局域微生态系统在长江中游新石器时代考古学文化特色形成中所起的制约作用,并论述了地理通道在区域考古学文化交流中的促进作用。本文认为,长江中游的新石器时代考古学文化在发展道路上具有自我发展为主,融通外来文化为辅的双重文化特色。在文化结构上既有整体上的共同性特点又有局域差异性特点,整体共同性特点表现为长江中游新石器时代考古学文化的主体独立发展,一脉相承,自成一体;局域差异性特点表现为文化的局域流变和地域性结构差异。生态环境系统的整体性特点是文化共同性特点形成的基础,而生态环境子系统的结构差异又是局域文化类型差异产生的原因。地理通道在文化的交流与融通中发挥着十分重要的作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 This article based upon the archaeology,complemented by the theories,the methods and the research results from the geology,the geography,the ecology and the statistics,has discussed the relations between culture and the ecological environment in the middle reaches of Yangtze River in Neolithic age from omni-direction,with a view to recover the Neolithic ecological culture in the middle reaches of Yangtze River,and further discussed the rule of ecological environment made on the formation and the development of culture in the function,thus revealed the relations between the cultural succession and the environmental changes.The first chapter utilizing the multi-disciplinary research results,has conducted the restoration researches to the ecological environmental vicissitude in the middle reaches of Yangtze River in Quaternary period.Our opinion is that ecological environmental vicissitude has had certain influence to humanity’s life,the production and the social environment,thus impelled the birth of culture and the cultural succession.There was a synchronism between cultural succession and climatic changes. In suitable climatic period,society was stable and culture developed lushly.In fluctuant climatic period,the society was turbulent,and culture appeared retrogression,even decline.The new culture replacing old culture frequently happened in the conversion period of climate from cold to warm.The second chapter has discussed the relations between livelihood economy and the environment from the origin and the development of the rice agriculture,the formation of regional livelihood types, handicraft production in the middle reaches of Yangtze River in Neolithic Age.The author thought that the ecological environmental vicissitude was the main cause of rice agricultural origin,and dealing with population growth pressure was the direct agent,but humanity’s productive forces and the technical level were the kinetic energy.The comprehensive survey drawed the conclusion:the north region of South mountain was one of the source areas where the rice agriculture came into being,but Dongting Lake plain was the main development area where was a suitable paddy area.There were close relationships between regional livelihood typical formation and the ecological environment.The difference of confined terrain landform,as well as the multiplicity of ecological resources was the primary cause of forming different regional livelihood types,and the unbalance of resources distribution was one of the reasons which the difference of regional handicraft types produced.The third chapter using statistics and the method of spatial analysis discussed the relations between space and time distribution of settlemental ruins,the settlemental typical distribution,the settlemental structure function layout,as well as the relations between the settlemental combination and the ecological environment in the middle reaches of Yangtze River.This article believed that surveyed from the time,settlemental quantity change in different cultural period or different development phase of the identical cultural period and the essential factors of ecological environment, specially the climatic change had the synchronism.In the stable climatic period,settlemental quantities increased,but in wavy climatic period,settlemental quantities reduced.Looked from the space,in the suitable climatic period,the settlement assumed the proliferation-like distribution,but in the unusual climatic period,the settlement assumed the accumulation-like distribution.The settlemental density of distribution change as well as the regional distribution change had the uniformity with each time cultural center change.The settlemental typical distribution and humanity’s survival demands had essential relations.The water,food,safety were the three primary factors that humanity chosed the environment,thus formed various environmental type.The internal settlemental space layout was arranged according to the different function,but the regional function layout accommodated natural terrain.The total principle was meeting the needs of humanity,The fourth chapter embarking from the ecology system theory viewpoint,has emphatically analyzed confine rule that the macro ecosystem and the micro ecosystem made on formation of archaeological cultural characteristics in the middle reaches of Yangtze River in Neolithic Age,and expounded the promoting rule that geographical channel made on exchange of archaeological culture among different areas.更多还原