【作者】 肖任飞；

【导师】 储泽祥；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文对现代汉语的因果复句展开优先序列研究。所谓优先序列研究是指从句法、语义等方面对不同类别的语法单位或成员按照其使用频率的高低进行分级或有序的排位,并做出合理的解释。因果复句的优先序列研究即指从句法、语义等方面对因果复句中的不同类别或成员按使用频率的高低进行分级或有序的排位,并做出合理的解释。因果复句优先序列包含两层意义,一是优先,二是序列。优先指在一定的语言环境中倾向于使用这种类型的因果复句,而非那种类型的因果复句。序列指因果复句从多到少、从高到低的排列。从性质上讲,因果复句优先序列研究既属于概率语言学（Probabilistic Linguistics）的内容,也属于语法优选论的内容（Grammatical Optimality Theory,以下简称GOT）。语法优选论是我们着力提出并加以运用的一个术语,认为语言是概率性的,是可以分级或有序排位的,并且这种分级或有序的排位是可以解释的。本文既有对理论方法的宏观思考,又有对典型个案的微观分析,将现代语言学的先进理念和朴学精神结合了起来。文章以“小句中枢理论”、“语法优选论”与“搭配理论”为背景,综合运用了“两个三角”研究方法、搭配研究方法、统计手段等研究方法,尤其是把MI值创造性地运用到某条件对“因-果”和“果-因”关系的制约中来,使其可以用MI值来进行语义分析。主要内容如下:第一章是绪论部分。论述了本文研究的性质、选题原因、理论背景和研究方法、意义和价值等问题。第二章是各语体因果复句优先序列总览。本章在对一定数量的语料进行穷尽性切分的基础上,对各语体中因果复句的频次频率做了一个大致的介绍。包含三个方面的内容:1)考察因果复句在各语体中整个复句序列中的地位;2)从语序和关联标记角度考察各语体中因果复句的优先序列情况;3)以语序为视点考察了因果复句的结构模式。第三章探讨“因-果”复句的优先序列。因果复句从语序上看可以分为原因分句在前、结果分句在后的“因-果”复句和结果分句在前、原因分句在后的“果-因”复句,“因-果”复句主要讨论说明性“因-果”和推论性“因-果”。本章首先探讨了各语体中说明性“因-果”和推论性“因-果”的频次频率,然后对说明性“因-果”和推论性“因-果”的关联标记进行了分级和有序的排位。说明性“因-果”重点考察了关联标记前置或后置的优先序列与主语的一致性问题,考察了前带“又”字对“因-果”复句的影响。推论性“因-果”主要考察了它的信息结构,也考察了关联标记的前置或后置的优先序列及与主语的一致性问题。第四章探讨“果-因”复句及其优先序列。“果-因”复句有两类:一类是断定结果产生的原囚,我们称作断定性的“果-因”复句,另一类是补充说明结果产生的原因,我们称作补充性的“果-因”复句。在实际的语料中,补充性的“果-因”复句远比断定性的“果-因”复句多。从关联标记角度看,补充性的“果-因”复句无一例外都是居中式,而断定性的“果-因”复句则比较复杂。文章探讨了关联标记构成断定性“果-因”复句的可能性程度和关联标记对断定性“果-因”复句的影响,随后考察了关联标记在语序上的倾向性和主语的一致性问题,指出关联标记在语序上的倾向性与“谁在话语中起连接作用谁就在前边”原则有关,在断定性“果-因”复句中与主语的一致性关系不是特别大。补充性的“果-因”复句我们主要从语篇的角度展开,指出补充性“果-因”复句进入语篇后通常在句法上可以省略前分句,补充性“果-因”复句的语序还是与“谁在话语中起连接作用谁就在前边”原则有关,当结果分句起话语连接作用时,结果分句在前面:原因分句起连接作用时,原因分句在前。本节还考察了补充性“果-因”复句与“因-果”复句在时间连续性上的差异,以表连贯的“于是”、“就”为着眼点。第五章探讨因果复句前后分句的照应并对其做出相关解释。从前分句照应的角度看,各关联标记的照应序列为:“正因为……就因为……”、“既然……就……”、“之所以……是因为……”＞“因为……所以……”。从后分句照应的角度看,各关联标记的照应序列为:因为……所以……＞“之所以……是因为……”、“就因为₂”、“既然……就……”、“正因为₁”、“就因为₁”、“正因为₂”。前后分句的照应存在着不对称现象,关联标记“既然……就……”、“正因为……就因为……”、“之所以……是因为……”前分句照应频率非常高,频率都达到90%以上,而后分句的照应频率很低。这一不对称规律并不意味着前分句照应频率非常低时,后分句的照应频率就会非常高,“因为……所以……”就是证明。“因为……所以……”前分句的照应频率只有10%,但后分句的照应频率也只有16%。但总的说来,前分句的照应频率高时后分句的照应频率会低,而后分句的照应频率高时前分句的照应会低,只是高低程度不同。前后分句照应的不对称现象主要与信息结构和焦点居后原则有关。第六章是结论部分,概括了本文研究得出的结论,由本文研究得到的几点启示,对文章的不足和今后的工作也做了交代。更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation is a grammatical optimal study on Mandarin ’cause & effect’ complexes.The grammatical optimal theory（GOT） hold that language is probabilistic,grammatical units can be ranked according to their frequency and the ranking sequences can be interpreted.The grammatical optimal study on Mandarin ’cause & effect’ complexes means ranking ’cause & effect’ complexes according their frequency and giving interpretations.In this paper,both macroscopically considering and microcosmic analysis were done;and modern linguistics concepts and the spirit of striving for thoroughness were tied in together.’Theory of Clausal Pivot’,’Grammatical Optimal Theory’ and ’Collocation Theory’ are guiding ideologies.And combined methods are used in this paper,such as ’two triangle’ method,collocation method,statistical method,and etc.Particularly,MI value（mutual information value） is creatively applied to measure certain condition（or conditions） influencing ’cause-effect’ complex and ’effect-cause’ complex.So then,MI value can be used in doing semantic analysis.There are six chapters in this paper.In chapter one,the nature of the study,the reasons of choosing the topic,guiding ideologies and studying methods,the significances and the values of this study are introduced and interpreted.Chapter two is an overview of prior sequence in Mandarin ’cause & effect’ complex on the basis of doing thoroughly analyzing of corpus of four styles（novel,spoken language,newspaper,popular science）.It mainly includes three parts:1) examine the causal complex’s status in the whole complex（compound） sequences;2) inspect the causal complex’s prior sequences in the perspective of the clause-order and the related tags;3) study the structural models from the clause-order point of view.In chapter three,’cause-effect’ complex’s prior sequences are studied.There are mainly two types of ’cause-effect’ complex,one is descriptive ’cause-effect’ complex and the other is deductive ’cause-effect’ complex.In this chapter,the frequency of the descriptive ’cause-effect’ complexes and deductive ’cause-effect’ complexes of four styles are firstly discussed.And then,the related tags of descriptive ’cause-effect’ complex and deductive ’cause-effect’ complex are ranked according their frequency.The order of related tags and subjects in descriptive ’cause-effect’ complexes is particularly studied.And we put much attention to if the order of related tags and subjects is related to subject consistency.The information structure of deductive ’cause-effect’ complex is particularly examined, and the order of related tags and subjects in deductive ’cause-effect’ complexes is studied,too. In chapter four,’effect-cause’ complex’s prior sequences are studied.There are also two types of ’effect-cause’ complex,one is judgmental ’effect-cause’ complex and the other is complementary ’effect-cause’ complex.The frequency of complementary ’effect-cause’ complex is much more than the frequency of judgmental ’effect-cause’ complex.In the perspective of related tags,the related tags in complementary ’effect-cause’ complexes are all ’centre-type’,but it is not simple in judgmental ’effect-cause’ complexes.The possibilities and conditions of related tags forming judgmental ’effect-cause’ complex are particularly studied.And the order of related tags and subjects is also inspected.The complementary ’effect-cause’ complexes are mainly researched in the perspective of discourse,pointing out that a complementary ’effect-cause’ complex’s cause-clause can be omitted in the context.The order is related to ’who-in-tie who-be-front’ rule.There are distinctions in time continuity between ’effect-cause’ complexes and ’cause-effect’ complexes.In chapter five,the anaphora of front-clause and back-clause is discussed.From the front-clause point of view,the prior sequence of the strength of anaphora of related tags is ’zheng yinwei...jiu yinwei...（正因为......就因为......）、jiran...jiu...（既然......就......）、zhisuoyi...shiyinwei...（之所以......是因为.......）>yinwei...suoyi...（因为......所以......）’.And from the back-clause point of view, the prior sequence of the strength of anaphora of related tags is ’yinwei...suoyi...（因为......所以......）>zhisuoyi...shiyinwei...（之所以......是因为......）、jiuyinwei₂（就因为₂）、jiran...jiu...（既然......就......）、zhengyinwei₁（正因为₁）,jiuyinwei₁（就因为₁）、zhengyinwei₂（正因为₂）’.There is an asymmetry between the anaphora of front-clause and the anaphora of back-clause.Generally speaking, when the strenghth of anaphora of front-clause is weak,the strenghth of anaphora of back-clause will be strong,and vise versa.But that doesn’t mean that the weaker is the strenghth of anaphora of front-clause,the stronger of strength of anaphora of back-clause.The asymmetry is mainly related to the information structure and the ’focus-be-back’ principle.Chapter six is the ending of the disstertation,including the conclusions,the inspirations,the inadequacies and the future works,etc.更多还原