【作者】 张继涛；

【导师】 郑杭生；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 社会学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 改革开放三十年来,中国社会正以前所未有的速度迈向社会现代化,与此同时,中国的现代化过程也是一个充满痛苦和不确定因素的变迁过程,因此,对社会变迁与社会转型的研究构成了当代中国社会学的一大研究主题。社会变迁是指社会自身发展变化的过程,尤其是社会结构的变化。在既往的研究中,研究的侧重点多为宏观的、系统的大规模社会变迁,研究者主要从社会结构的分化、社会变迁的模式、社会变迁的动力机制等方面入手来探讨社会变迁的一般规律。然而,受环境、政治、经济、文化等因素的影响,不同地区的社会变迁可能会具有地方性特色,具体表现为变迁的动力、变迁的模式、变迁的过程呈现出特殊性。在快速的社会转型中,有一类特殊地区的社会变迁引人关注,即乡村旅游社区的社会变迁。本文从乡村旅游这一乡村新业态入手,探讨了乡村旅游社区的综合性社会变迁,运用了跨学科的研究方法和比较研究的方法分析了社区变迁的表征和规律,解释了社区变迁的原因和机制,批判性地分析了变迁所导致的社会问题。本文的核心观点是:乡村旅游业的兴起是引发已经旅游化的传统乡村社区综合性社会变迁的重要变量,在乡村旅游社区的变迁过程中,社区的社会结构、社区参与、社会分层与社会流动以及社区秩序都打上了变迁的烙印。围绕这一主题,本文正文部分主要围绕以下五个部分展开论述:第一部分为乡村旅游社区社会变迁的维度。乡村旅游社区的社会变迁具有高度的综合性和复杂性,主要为三个层次,即生产方式的变迁、生活方式的变迁和利益格局的变迁。按照社会变迁的一般规律,物质领域的变迁最先发生,乡村旅游业的出现改变了社区原有的传统的产业结构,传统农业开始式微,第三产业异军突起,产业间的矛盾也由此产生,因为旅游业的特殊性对农业和工业均有一定的限制作用。第三产业在乡村旅游社区的发展一般经历了初级阶段、中级阶段和高级阶段,三者具有不同的特征。生产方式的变迁必然会带来生活方式的变迁,在已经旅游化的乡村社区,居民的生活节奏、时间观念和日常互动模式相对于传统农业时代已发生了深刻的变化。随着生产方式的变迁,乡村旅游社区居民参与旅游业的程度各有不同,在传统农业时代相对均衡的利益格局逐渐失衡,由此引发了居民、政府与旅游企业之间复杂的群体性利益矛盾和冲突。第二部分为乡村旅游社区的现代化与东道主的现代性。旅游是现代化的产物,如游客的旅游动机、旅游组织的产生、旅游过程都与现代化密切相关;旅游又是现代社会的重要组成部分,从经济、政治、文化和环境的视角来看,旅游业的发展在宏观和微观两个层次都推动了社会的现代化进程。从理论上讲,农业现代化、工业化或第三产业化均是乡村社区可能的选项。乡村旅游社区的现代化所依赖的旅游业的特殊性主要表现于乡村性、开放性和可持续性三个方面。乡村旅游社区的现代化必须依靠政府主导、社区参与和共建共共享的理念与机制。乡村旅游社区也面临着现代化困境,乡土性与城市化、传统性与现代性以及产业与资源环境的矛盾构成了最主要的困境。乡村旅游社区居民在旅游化的过程中逐渐融入了现代性,其时间观、义利观以及规范观等现代化人格也逐渐生成。第三部分为乡村旅游社区的社会分层与社会流动。乡村旅游社区脱胎换骨于传统的乡村社区,其前旅游化时期的社会分层结构与其他农业化社区并无差异。乡村旅游社区以旅游业为龙头的第三产业缓解了社区的就业压力,促进了剩余劳动力的转移。各年龄段的劳动力通过参与旅游业改变了自身的身份和社会分层地位,居民参与程度和获取利益的不同使社区产生了新的社会不平等,但这不能视为旅游业的负效应。动态地看,社区居民的社会流动具有流动的频繁性、向上流动的普遍性和代际流动的进步性三大特征。在乡村旅游社区,妇女的社会流动尤为引人关注,因为在旅游服务业中妇女具有性别优势。妇女的职业流动与社会地位的提升极大地促进了乡村旅游社男女的平等。第四部分为乡村旅游社区的社区参与。社区参与旅游业发展是乡村旅游社区旅游业发展到较高阶段的必然趋势。社区参与的主体包括了社区居民个人、社区居民群体、社区管理者、外来企业和人员以及中介组织。社区参与的内容主要包括了决策、监督、规划、服务和维护五个领域。社区参与可以分为个人参与和群体参与、主动参与和被动参与、制度化参与和非制度化参与。乡村旅游社区在旅游化前后的社区参与在主体、内容和方式三个方面发生了积极的变迁。在当前条件下,乡村旅游社区的社区参与模式可分为政府主导性、居民自治型和多方合作型,三者的关系是相辅相成的。社区参与乡村旅游社区的社区参与对于居民的脱贫致富、民主意识的培育、男女平等观念的巩固和环境资源的保护都具有积极意义。第五部为乡村旅游社区的社会失范。在社会转型加速期,社会运行系统各层次子系统转型的不同步性导致社会失范成为社会变迁的副产品。乡村旅游社区的社会失范既有普遍性也有特殊性,普遍性的社会失范是社会宏观层面的失范在微观社区的体现,而特殊性社会失范是由于旅游业的发展造成的微观社区的失范,二者在乡村旅游社区交织在一起。社区的社会失范既有社区自身原因也有社区外部原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 After 30 years of reform and opening to the outside word,Chinese society is stepping fast toward modernization,meanwhile,the process of modernization is full of hardships and uncertainty, therefore,the research of social change and social transformation becomes a hot issue of contemporary Chinese sociology.Social change refers to the development and change of the society itself,mainly referring to the change of social structure.Among the existing researches,the emphasis concentrated on the macro-systematic large-scale social change,and researchers mainly analyzes the general rules of social change from the angels such as the differentiation of social structure,the model of social change,the motivation power of social change,and so on.However,under the influence of environment,politics,economy and culture,social change in different areas may acquire various local features,for example,the motivation power,model and process of social change may vary from one area to another.During the process of quick social transformation,social change in a particular district, that is,in the rural tourism community,is attracting more and more attraction.PartⅠis about a brief introduction about social changes in rural tourism community（RTC）.The social change in RTC is highly complicated,which falls into three layers:the change of production model,life style and benefit pattern.According to general rules of social change,social change firstly occurs in the material field,rural tourism alters traditional industry structure,and traditional agriculture declines and the 3^rd industry arises rapidly,which causes conflicts between different industries.The third industry experiences three stages:primary stage,intermediate stage and advanced stage.The change of production model brings about the change of life style.In RTC,the pace of life, view of time and interaction model differs from those of traditional countryside.With the development of rural tourism,the benefit pattern loses its balance.Hence the profit conflicts break out among rural residents,tourism enterprises and local government.PartⅡfocuses on the modernization of RTC and the modernity of local residents.Tourism is the result of modernization,for example,tourists’ traveling motive,the appearance of tourism organization and the process of traveling are all related to modernization.Tourism is also an integral part of modernization.Judging from the angle of economy,politics,culture and environment,tourism promotes modernization on the macro-level and micro-level.Theoretically,agricultural modernization, industrialization,and the third industry are the alternatives of ways of modernization in rural area. Rural tourism is characterized by rurality,openness,and sustainability.The modernization of RTC must rely on the views and principles of government-orientation,community-based participation and cooperative construction.RTC is faced with dilemma of modernization such as the conflicts between rurality and urbanization,tradition and modernity,and industry and resources and environment.With the touristification of RTC,local residents’ view of time,justice and benefits,and social norms under go changes.PartⅢis about social stratification and social mobility of RTC.The RTC originates from traditional rural community.Before touristification its social stratification and mobility is identical to the other rural areas.The tourism-centered third industry relieves the internal employment pressure, and promotes the employment of surplus labor forces.The labor forces of different ages change their identity and social status by participating in rural tourism.But the various degree of involvement causes social inequality,which is improperly viewed as the ill-effect of tourism.The social mobility is characterized by frequent mobility,universality of upper ward mobility and progress of inter-generation.In RTC,the mobility of women is typically concerned,because women enjoy gender advantages over men.As a result,women’s mobility promotes equality between men and womenPartⅣis about community-based participation in RTC.Community-based participation in tourism includes the following agents:personal residents,group residents,community managers, tourism enterprises and intermediary organizations.The content of participation conveys decision-making,supervision,planning,service and maintenance.Community-based participation falls into personal participation and group participation,active participation and passive participation, institutional participation and non-institutional participation.Before touristification and after touristification,positive changes take place with the participation in agent,content,and way.At present,the participation model falls into government-guided model,residents’ auto-governance model and multilateral cooperation model.Community-based participation is significant to pro-poverty,democratic thoughts,gender equality and environmental preservation.PartⅤis devoted to social anomie in RTC.During the process of accelerated social transformation,the subsystems of social operation system fail to synchronize with each other; therefore,anomie becomes the side-effect.There’re general anomie and specific anomie,the former results from social anomie on the macro-level,and the latter results from the development of rural tourism.The two types of anomie mingle together.Social anomie in RTC originates from exterior and interior reasons.更多还原