【作者】 胡振华；

【导师】 聂华；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 林业经济管理， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 合作组织的存在有着悠久的历史,它和人类的发展进步历史同步。本文的研究是基于中国城乡二元结构的长期性、农村合作组织存在的必要性、农村合作组织创新的重要性三大假定之上进行的。本文所研究的农村合作组织定位于两点:一是定位于农村;二是定位于农村社区的普通农民。前者以区别于城镇合作组织,后者以区别于农户。因为农民和农户的行为和意志存在巨大差异,在农村城镇化农村工业化农民市民化的背景下,农户作为独立完整的生产生活单位已经不普遍了。本文所研究的是针对农村中的普通农民在生产和生活中形成的互助合作组织,它可能是正式组织,也可能是非正式组织,它往往享受一定的优惠扶植政策。它的形成有经济的诱因,也有政治和社会的诱因。在这种合作和组织中,自始至终都体现着农民的主体地位,农民有自动进入和退出的机制。它的初级形态是农民专业合作组织,在专业合作组织基础上进而形成合作联合组织以及农村合作组织协会,它的规模、区域、活动内容局限在一定范围内,农村合作组织进化的最终结果是企业组织。建设新农村,探索社会主义市场经济条件下的新型合作化道路,具有双重含义。其一是回归。在相当程度上是正本清源,也就是回归社会主义与合作制的古典传统,遵循国际通行的合作组织原则与价值观,并与现代市场经济相互兼容、相得益彰,在基层培育大批真正属于农民自己的合作组织。其二是整合。尽可能整合农村现有各种组织资源,特别是实力犹存的供销社、信用社,形同虚设的村经济合作组织以及各种新兴的专业合作组织,还有农经、农技、农机、农资等基层机构,集中经费和人力,发展全方位、多层次、综合性的中介服务载体,建成统筹信用、流通和技术三重功能的,贯穿县、乡、村三级体系的农村合作组织,为建设社会主义新农村提供组织依托和制度保证。实践表明,供销社和信用社具有强烈的行政化或商业化的倾向,作为合作组织已经名不副实。探索新型农村合作组织必须另辟蹊径,浙江瑞安筹建的农村合作协会,成为全国首家具有信用、流通和技术三位一体功能的县(市)级规模的综合性的农村合作组织。这是一项既尊重历史又着眼现实的组织创新,也是成本最低的制度选择。将供销社、信用社改革以及新生合作组织、专业协会的发展纳入村治框架,在乡村设置综合性的基层农协,确立其法人地位,以农协或农协式的村委会为主体实施村治。这样就可以借助市场中介的机制,在自愿交易的基础上,从流通环节获取必要的盈余用于新农村公共事务和公益事业,减少了农民的负担,也较大降低了管理成本。合作制本身与私有财产制度和市场经济规则并不冲突,它集中体现了自由、民主和公平正义等普适价值,它以互助联合的方式促进了社会和谐。新农村建设需要建立新型农村合作组织,而新型农村合作组织的建立既需要合作组织的内部效益的诱导,又需要政府有形之手的推动。本论文分为八章。第一章引言,提出了本文研究的三大前提假定,介绍本文的背景、目的、意义、研究方法和分析框架。第二章通过农村合作组织的文献回顾,对农村合作组织的若干概念进行了界定。第三章对中外的农村合作组织的历史变迁进行考察,总结其经验教训。第四章分别从经济学、政治学和社会学的角度对农村合作组织的作用和功能进行理论分析。第五章提出农村合作组织的基本制度框架并论述其形成和变化的路径。第六章通过瑞安农村合作协会的个案研究,提出了一种农村合作组织的创新模式。第七章对农村合作组织的要素投入和绩效进行实证研究。第八章对全文进行总结,提出研究结论和有待进一步研究的问题。本文的主要创新在于:[1]研究角度的创新:本文试图从新农村建设的角度展开农村合作组织的研究,强调研究的现实性。[2]研究方法的创新:本文采用“成本—收益”、“文化—意识”、“比较—历史”、“国家—社会”、“治理—善治”等多种分析范式,分别从经济、文化、历史、政治、社会等多视觉对农村合作组织进行集成研究。[3]结果的创新:本文的研究不是为了得到一个因果的相关结果,而是提炼出既有必要又有可能的农村合作组织回归和整合模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cooperative organizations have existed for a very long time,and the history of their development has kept pace with that of the human development and progress.The research is conducted based on three basic assumptions:the long-term nature of urban-rural dual structure in China,the necessity of the existence of rural cooperative organizations,and the importance of organizational innovations of rural cooperative organizations.The rural cooperative organizations under this study have two features:they are in rural areas and their members are ordinary farmers in rural communities.The former feature distinguishes them from city and town cooperative organizations,and the latter from business organizations.The object of this study is the rural cooperative organizations that are formed in the course of ordinary farmers’ production and life in rural areas.They may be formal organizations or informal organizations.They are usually supported by certain preferential policies.Their formation is economically induced as well as politically and socially induced.In this co-operation and organization, from start to finish reflects the dominant position of the peasant.farmers have automatic entry and exit mechanisms.Their primary-stage organizational form is farmers’ specialization cooperative organizations.And these organizations can evolve into united cooperative organizations and associations of rural cooperative organizations.Their sizes,regional coverage,and activities are all confined within a certain scope.With further growth,these rural cooperative organizations become business organizations.Exploring new types of cooperative paths in the context of new rural construction and the socialist market economy has dual implications.The first is regression.To a large extent,it is back to the roots and basics.In other words,it is returning to the classical traditions of socialism and cooperative system. It follows the principles and values of cooperative organizations as commonly practiced in the world, and it is also compatible and mutually enhancing with modern market economies.It fosters a large number of cooperative organizations at the grass-roots level that truly belong to farmers themselves. The second is consolidation.Consolidate,to the greatest extent possible,all kinds of organizational resources currently existing in rural areas,particularly,the still powerful supply and marketing associations and credit unions,the currently non-functioning rural cooperative organizations,and all sorts of newly emerging specialized cooperative organizations as well as grass-roots agencies such as agro-economy,agro-technology,agro-equipment,and agro-capital agencies.The goal is to concentrate funds and human resources to develop all-round,multi-level,and comprehensive intermediary service carriers and to form rural cooperative organizations that work across three administrative levels (counties,townships,and villages) and provide multiple functions such as credit,distribution,and technologies so as to build organizational underpinnings and institutional guarantees for the socialist construction of new countryside.Practices show that it is a fruitless approach to restoring cooperative systems by confining within the current supply and marketing associations and credit unions.A new approach must be found.An example is the rural cooperative association currently being built in Ruian,Zhejiang Province.It became the first county-level comprehensive rural cooperative organization in China providing three functions(credit,distribution,and technologies) with one entity.This organizational innovation is a respect for history and reality,as well as the lowest cost choose.The framework of village governance include the supply and marketing cooperatives,credit cooperatives,as well as new cooperative organizations,the development of professional associations in rural,settings General rural cooperative association in the grass-roots level,to establish its legal status.basic on the main body of the village committee to implementation village governance,at the same time on the market intermediaries and the mechanism of voluntary transactions,holding on the surpluses from the flow aspect for the necessary of community-based public affairs and public welfare undertakings,so that farmers were not easy to contradict,but also greatly reduce the the cost of the levy.Cooperative system itself does not conflict with property rights system or market economy principles.In addition,it reflects general values,such as liberty,democracy,equity and justice more prominently,and promotes social harmony through mutual assistance and collaboration.This process does not exclude,and will not materialize without the appropriate guidance from the government and the participation of other social classes,but also need the induction of internal efficiency.The dissertation is divided into eight chapters.The Introductory Chapter sets forth the three basic assumptions of the research and introduces the research background,purpose,significance,research methods,and main framework.Chapter Two delineates a number of concepts regarding rural cooperative organizations by way of reviewing the literature on rural cooperative organizations.Chapter Three surveys the historical evolution of rural cooperative organizations,both domestic and abroad,and summarizes the lessons thereof.Chapter Four conducts a theoretical analysis of roles and functions of rural cooperative organizations from perspectives of economics,political science,and sociology. Chapter Five proposes the basic institutional framework of rural cooperative organizations and discusses approaches for their formations and changes.Chapter Six proposes an innovative model of rural cooperative organizations by a case study of Ruian Rural Cooperative Association.Chapter Seven conducts an empirical study of factor inputs and performance of rural cooperative organizations. Chapter Eight summarizes the research findings and outlines the issues for future research.The primary contributions of the research are as follows:(1) in research perspectives,this study seeks to research rural cooperative organizations from the perspective of new rural construction,or rural governance.It has strong relevance to the real world;(2)in research methods,this study adopts various analytical paradigms,including cost-benefit,culture-consciousness,comparative-historical,state-society, governance-good governance,and conducts integrated research on rural cooperative organizations from perspectives such as economic,cultural,historical,political,and social;(3) in research findings,the research does not aim to find causal relationships,but instead,it aims to propose ways to return to and consolidate rural cooperative organizations that are conducive to the construction of new countryside or rural governance by analyzing the historical and contemporary necessity and feasibility.更多还原