【作者】 常新华；

【导师】 赵秀海；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 生态学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 生态系统管理起源于传统的林业资源管理,是自20世纪初期以来,随着生态学的迅速发展、人们对环境破坏与资源利用认识的不断加深而逐渐形成的。森林生态系统管理是21世纪林业科学的主线和森林经营管理的核心,是各国林业可持续发展的重要方向。实施森林生态系统管理对缓解我国森林资源的供需矛盾、防止地力退化和病虫害的发生、改善生态环境及实现我国林业的可持续发展都具有十分重要的意义。本论文对森林生态系统管理的理论框架、内容、方法和实现途径进行了较为全面和深入的研究,对长白山天然林物种多样性、林分结构等进行了相关研究,提出了较为合理的植物多样性指标和林分空间结构参数,对指导森林生态系统经营具有借鉴意义,并为调整林分空间结构提供理论依据。同时以长白山自然保护区为例,对其进行服务价值评估。结果表明,长白山保护区蕴含着巨大的生态系统服务价值,应加强保护及合理的开发利用。在上述研究的基础上,制定了长白山天然林生态系统管理对策。论文研究内容及主要结论如下:1、用重要值、Gleason指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数等对次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林和阔叶红松林四块样地乔木、灌木和草本的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明,在乔木层,受到最近干扰的次生杨桦林群落的物种数是顶级群落阔叶红松林的2倍。各种多样性指数变化的趋势基本一致,从次生杨桦林到杨桦椴树林再到蒙古栎椴树林,最后到阔叶红松林逐渐下降。在灌木层,次生杨桦林的各项多样性指数均高于阔叶红松林。次生杨桦林的灌木分布更均匀,相应的,Pielou指数更高。在草本层,杨桦椴树林草本植物的Shannon-wiener指数和Simpson指数均为最高;次生杨桦林物种数和株数最高,分别将近阔叶红松林的2倍和8倍。2、选取角尺度、混交度和大小比数三个参数对长白山天然林林分空间结构进行研究。角尺度分析表明:次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林以及阔叶红松林整体上都呈聚集分布。这种格局可能与组成群落的各个物种在小尺度内呈聚集分布以及资源的不均匀分布密切相关。混交度分析表明:次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林以及阔叶红松林都处于中度以上的混交水平,还没有达到强度混交水平。在同一个群落内,上层乔木的混交度水平高,下层乔木的混交度水平低;种子繁殖的树种的混交度高,萌蘖繁殖的混交度水平低,两种繁殖方式兼有的混交度水平较高。在次生林中,先锋树种的混交度高,未来顶级群落的优势树种的混交度总体偏低;在原始林中,林冠上层的优势树种的混交度高。大小比数分析表明:在同一个群落,上层乔木在生长上占优势,下层乔木在生长上处于被压状态;幼树喜光的树种生长上占优,林冠更新的树种生长上处于被压状态。在次生演替的相对早期阶段,先锋树种在生长上处于优势,未来顶级群落的树种暂时处于被压状态;在次生演替的中期阶段,如杨桦椴树林和蒙古栎椴树林,阳性树种和未来顶级群落的优势树种共同占优势;在顶级群落中,先锋树种被淘汰,优势树种在生长上占有绝对优势。以上分析表明:长白山地区大面积存在的各种类型的次生林和原始林在物种多样性和林分空间结构方面存在很大的差异,迫切需要通过优化林分空间结构和森林生态经营管理促进次生林向原始林方向转化。在优化林分空间结构的森林经营过程中,在调整树种的大小比数时,应以树种的生物学和生态学特性为依据,以原生森林的空间结构为参照,对比次生林和原生林在树种混交程度、单木大小分化程度以及林木水平分布格局等方面的差别,制定相应的次生林空间结构调整规划,促进次生林向原生森林演替。3、从直接利用价值、间接利用价值和非利用价值三个方面对长白山自然保护区生态系统所提供的服务价值进行了系统全面的评估。结果表明,保护区生态系统每年的服务价值为1234886.91万元。因价格及经济发展等不可控因素的存在以及生物类别没有考虑到动物、微生物,使得评估结果偏于保守。4、加拿大森林生态系统动态模拟软件(FSOS)对白河林业局采伐限额研究的结果表明,在白河林业局分类经营方案中,若采用择伐方式对限伐林和商品林进行适度合理的采伐,则年均20万m~3的采伐量也是可持续的。根据加拿大森林生态系统规划方法进行分析,得出白河林业局的最佳经营方案是:将小溪两边和道路两边的缓冲带设为禁伐带,采用择伐方式进行采伐,并考虑集水区、景观旅游区和动物区对幼龄林比率的要求。据此方案经营,白河林业局未来的年采伐量将从近二十年的22万m~3/年,逐年提高到26万m~3/年,在2056到2400年间都可以维持在26万m~3/年的水平:森林的成熟林和过熟林的比率将由现在的10%逐渐提高到30%:森林的蓄积量也从目前的3000万m~3增加到3650万m~3。5、基于生态系统管理的森林经营与传统森林经营在核心理论、管理目标、经营对象及措施等方面有很大的不同。将基于生态系统管理的经营技术应用于阔叶红松林,可实现生态效益和经济效益的协调发展。与传统森林经营方法相比,基于生态系统管理思想经营的林分土壤水分含量及凋落物输入量增大,土壤养分提高;其单位面积年蓄积增长量分别是择伐、抚育及对照林分年蓄积增长量的1.17、1.20和1.49倍。基于生态系统管理的经营可有效避免传统经营方法引起的水土流失、地力衰退和生物多样性降低等弊病,有利于地力的维持,及森林可持续经营的实现。实施生态系统管理每年可为白河林业局节约采育林生产成本280-560万元。6、在生态系统管理思想及理论的指导下,结合长白山天然林实际,提出长白山天然林生态系统管理的前提及对策:所有的管理活动都必须符合国家的相关法律法规和部门或地方的相关规定;经营者必须明确各自的责任、活动边界及可开发利用的限度。具体涵盖行政法律、经济学、社会学及经营技术等四大类措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ecosystem management is originated in the traditional forestry resources management.Since the early 20th century,with the rapid development of ecology and the people’s deeper understanding of environmental damage and resource utilization,the ecosystem management gradually formed.Forestry ecosystem management is the main line of development of the 21^st century forestry and the core of forest management,also the most important direction of every nation’s forestry sustainable development.Implementing the forest ecosystem management is of great significance for alleviating the contradiction between supply and demand,preventing soil degradation,diseases and insect pests’ occurrence,as well as improving the ecological environment and realizing the sustainable development of China’s forestry.In this paper,the theoretical framework,content,methods and way of the forest ecosystems management were studied comprehensively and deeply.Taking Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve as an example,some related researches about species diversity and stand structure of forests in Changbai Mountain were done.Our results indicate that species diversity and Stand structure’s various parameters are good at instructing the forest ecosystems management and providing the foundation of adjusting the stand structure.Some assessment about its services value was also done.The studies show that Changbai Mountain nature reserve contains enormous ecosystem services value,so people should put more emphasis on protecting and developing the nature resource reasonably.At the same time,on the basis of the above mentioned study,the strategy of ecosystem management in Changbai Mountain natural Forest was put forward.The main contents and conclusions of the paper are as follows:1.There are some studies on 4 plots of the secondary poplar-brich forest,poplar-brich tilia forest, Mongolia tilia forest and broad-leaved Korean pine forest’s trees,shrubs and herbaceous species diversity through the important value,Gleason’s index,Simpson index and Shannon index.The results showed that in the tree layer,the species richness of interfered communities are 2 times of the top community comprised by broad-leaved Korean pine forest.The three diversity indices are basically the same as changing trends,falling gradually from secondary poplar-brich forest to poplar-brich tilia forest to Mongolia tilia forest,finally to broad-leaved Korean pine forest.In the shrub layer,each diversity index of the secondary poplar-brich forest was higher than the ones of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest.Because the shrub distribution is more uniform in the secondary poplar-brich forest, correspondingly,Pielou index is higher.In the herb layer,Shannon index and Simpson index of the poplar-brich tilia forest were the highest;the richness and abundance of species in the secondary poplar-brich forest is the highest,which is respectively about 2 times and 8 times of broad-leaved Korean pine forest.2.By choosing the 3 parameters of neighborhood pattern,mingling and neighborhood comparison, the stand spatial structure of the Changbai Mountain natural forests was studied.The neighborhood pattern showed that:the secondary poplar-brich forests,poplar-brich tilia forest,Mongolia tilia forest, and the broad-leaved Korean pine forest are all aggregated distribution,which may be closely related to the aggregated distribution of many species,and environmental heterogeneity.The mingling analysis indicated that:the secondary poplar-brich forest,poplar-brich tilia forest, Mongolia tilia forest,as well as the broad-leaved Korean pine are above the moderate mixed levels,and have not yet reached the level of intensity mixed.Within the community,the mixed degree of the upper layer is high and the one of the undergrowth layer is low;the mixed degree of the sexual reproduction trees is highest and the one of sprouting reproduction is lowest,the mixed degree of trees with both reproduction ways was middle.In the secondary forest,the mixed degree of the pioneer species is high, the one of the dominant species of the future top communities is totally low;in the original forest,and the mixed degree of the dominant species of the upper canopy is higher.Neighborhood comparison indicated that:within the community,the upper tree is dominated at the growth and the lower tree is in a pressurized state;heliophilous trees are dominant at the growth and shade tolerance trees are in a pressurized state;in the early secondary succession stage,the pioneer tree species are dominant at the growth and the dominant species of the future top communities are temporarily in a pressurized state;in the middle secondary succession stage,such as,Mongolia tilia forest and poplar-birch tilia forest,the heliophilous species and the dominant species of the future top communities are both superiors;in the top community,the pioneer species are eliminated and the dominant species are dominate absolutely at the growth.The above analysis indicate that:there are large differences in the species diversity and spatial pattern of the various secondary forests and the original forest in Changbai Mountain,it is urgently needed to promote the secondary.forest to the original forest by optimizing the spatial structure and the forest ecosystems management.In the forest management process of optimizing the spatial structure,in order to further optimize the stand spatial structure,when adjusting the size ration of the species,the biological and ecological characteristics of the species should be considered,as the basis to the spatial structure of the original forest,comparing the mixed degree,the neighborhood pattern,and the neighborhood comparison between the secondary forest and the original forest and then develop the corresponding adjust planning of the secondary forest spatial structure in order to promote the secondary forest to the original forest.3.A comprehensive assessment on services value provided by Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve ecosystem was done from three aspects:the direct value,the indirect value and the non-use value.The results showed that the service value of the protected areas is 12,348,869,100 Yuan per year.There are some uncontrollable factors,such as,prices,economic development and ignoring the animals and microbiology while considering the biological categories of animals so the assessment is still conservative.4.The cutting limit of Baihe Forestry Bureau was studied through the Canadian forest ecosystems dynamic simulation software（FSOS）.The results indicated that,in Bathe Forestry classification management program,200,000 m³/a are sustainable by selective cutting to make the limit deforestation and commercial forest’s harvesting moderate and reasonable.According to Canadian Forest Ecosystem Planning Method,it is suggested that the best management plan of Baihe Forestry Bureau:the buffer zone on both of the stream and the road should be prohibited to log and adopt the selective cutting methods whiling considering the catchment areas, landscape tourist areas and animal areas’ demands of young growth rate.According to the management program,felling quantity of 220,000 m³/a in the last 20 years will gradually increased to 260,000 m³/a, and from 2056 to 2400,it can keep 260,000 m³/a.The proportion of mature forest and over-mature forest will increase from 10%to 30%.Forest reserves increases from the current 30 million m³ to 36.5 million m³.5.The forest management on the basis of ecosystem management is different from the traditional forest management in the core theory,management objectives,management targets and action.Putting the management technology based on the ecosystem management into broad-leaved Korean pine forest, which can make coordinated development between ecological benefits and economic benefits.Compared with the traditional forest management methods,the one based ecosystem management can increase forest soil moisture content and litter input,improve soil nutrient;its accumulation in growth per unit area are respectively 1.17,1.20 and 1.49 times of selective cutting,tending and undisturbed.The forest ecosystem management can effectively avoid the soil erosion,soil degradation and biodiversity reduction;it is also good at maintaining land capability and achieving the sustainable forest management.Implementing the ecosystem management would save silviculture mining production costs 280-560 million for Baihe Forestry every year.6.Under the guidance of the ecosystem management thought and theory,according to the actual situation of Changbai Mountains,the premise and countermeasures of the Changbai Mountain natural forest ecosystem management are proposed:All management activities must be consistent with the country’s relevant laws and regulations and the department or local’s relevant stipulations;the operators must define the respective responsibilities,activities border and the limit of the development and utilization.It covers specifically the four main categories of measures,administration law,economics, and sociology and business technology.更多还原