【作者】 祁有祥；

【导师】 赵廷宁；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 工程绿化， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 为增加森林公益效能及其相关研究某些因子的测量方法类型,节约研究成本,提高常用办公设备使用效率,本文提出了应用计算机、数码相机和扫描仪等常用办公设备测量年轮宽度、郁闭度和侵蚀速率的数字图像测量方法,采用公认的测量仪器对各方法进行了精度检验和测试,并完成了各方法的初步应用。与年轮分析系统相比,年轮宽度数字图像测量方法(FSDI法)的精度可达94.28%以上,能满足年轮宽度相关研究的精度要求,测量效率比年轮分析系统低1.1～1.5倍,设备成本是年轮分析系统的1/10～1/15。在冀北山地对该方法进行了初步应用,研究表明:5～9月份的平均气温、降水量是该地区树木生长的主要限制因子,与研究区域所属中温带半湿润半干旱大陆性季风型高原山地气候区的气候特点相吻合,5～9月份平均气温和总降雨量的重建值与实测值的相关系数分别为0.917、0.822,利用年轮指数重建了冀北山地1940～1955年5～9月份平均气温和降雨量。采用冠层分析仪对郁闭度数字图像测量法(FLDI法)进行了精度检验,研究表明:鱼眼镜头获取的冠层图像能准确记录林冠信息,Photoshop软件用于郁闭度计算无系统偏差,精度可达95%以上;距地面90～130cm高度范围内其测量结果稳定,且在该范围内便于设备操作;从林冠测量选区中分离林木主干影像后,仅对针叶林和存有明显林冠空隙的林分测郁闭度测量影响较大;郁闭度数字图像测量方法的效率是冠层分析仪的1/3,设备成本是冠层分析仪的1/9～1/15;经不同人员测试,该方法稳定系数可达到92.86%。应用该法完成了方山土桥沟流域各固定样地郁闭度测量,为黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱区水土保持抗旱造林及径流林业技术试验示范项目积累了基础数据。在人工模拟降雨条件下,对侵蚀速率近景摄影测量方法(CREP法)进行了实验研究,该方法测量侵蚀针出露(掩埋)高度的精度可达到97%以上,土壤侵蚀量解算精度可达到92.77%。在北京市延庆水土保持科技园区内对该方法进行了初步应用研究,在5次降雨观测试验中,其最低测量精度为89.35%,侵蚀针布设密度对测量精度有明显影响,侵蚀针用于土壤侵蚀速率监测,每行不少于5根,间距不应大于1m。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to find more measure of monitoring and evaluation of forest public welfare and correlative key factors,cut down research cost,improve the efficiency of common office equipment,this research proposed a method which use common office equipment like computer camera and scanner to measure the width of tree ring,forest canopy density and soil erosion rates.The paper using recognized equipment examined precision,and completed the initial application.Compared to Tree Ring Analysis system,the measurement accuracy of digital images photogrammetry of tree ring width is as high as 94.28%,and can satisfy the demand of correlative research.The efficiency of the new method is 1.1～1.5 times of the TRAS method and the cost is 1/10～1/15 of the TRAS method.The initial application of the new method made in mountain area in northern Hebei province shows that:the average temperature and rainfall in the basin act as the limiting factors of tree growth during May and Sep,which is in accordance with climate characteristics of the studied semi-arid sub-humid continental monsoon type climate plateaus climatic zones.And the correlation coefficients of the reconstruction value and actual value of average temperature and total rainfall from May to Sep is 0.917 and 0.822.Using the tree-ring index we rebuilt the average value air temperature and rainfall from May to September in Jibei Mountain and prolonged the datum of sixteen years from 1940 to 1955 of average value air temperature and rainfall.Using Canopy Analysis System test the precision of digital images photogrammetry of canopy closure the result show:the canopy images obtained by fish-eye camera can record canopy information accurately,the usage of Photoshop software to calculate the degree of forest canopy system hasn’t any system deviation and the accuracy of the new method can be as high as 95%.In height range of 90～130cm,the measurement results is almost exactly the same,and the operation of equipment is more convenient in this range. When the tree trunk image was separated from the canopy measurement zone,only coniferous forest and low canopy closure forest has a greater impact on the measurement results.Different testers’ results in independent tests shows that the stability coefficient of the new method can achieve as high as 92.86%.The observation of canopy closure of fixed plots were finished using the new method in Fangshantuqiaogou basin.Those measure accumulate the basic data for the pilot demonstration projects of soil and water conservation of semi-arid area of Loess Plateau hilly,anti-drought,afforestation and drought runoff forestry technology.In the artificial simulation of rainfall conditions,the experiment of digital close range photogrammetry of soil erosion rate show that:the accuracy of pin erosion exposed (buried) a high degree can be achieved more than 97%and the soil erosion accuracy 92.77%.In Yanqing,Beijing Science and Technology Park of Soil and Water Conservation, we carried out the initial application of the new method.In a total of 5 times of rainfall observation experiments,compared to measured value,the accuracy can achieve 89.35%. the accuracy of measuring are not effected obviously by different erosion pins laid the density.Using erosion pins for the monitoring soil erosion,the distance should be controlled under 1m and the number of erosion pin of each line should be more than 5.更多还原