节点文献
论基于性别的家庭暴力的民法规制
On Regulating Gender-based Domestic Violence in Civil Law System
【作者】 秦志远;
【导师】 陈苇;
【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 , 民商法学, 2009, 博士
【副题名】中国法与美国法之比较研究
【摘要】 基于性别的家庭暴力是指,针对妇女的、由于她是女性而实施的、或不合比例地影响到妇女的家庭暴力。它既反映和强化了男女之间不平等的社会现实,又损害了女性的身体健康、人格尊严、安全利益和个人自治能力。但是,与发生在公共领域的诸如战争等暴力行为不同,由于家庭暴力发生在被称为私人领域的家庭之中,国家或公共权力机构多不愿干涉,即所谓“法不入家门”。这也使得基于性别的家庭暴力成为世界上分布最为广泛却最不受承认的侵害人权的事件。然而,如果国家在面对侵犯妇女人权的暴力现象时无动于衷、容忍甚至纵容,威胁妇女利益的权力就会被强化,社会和家庭层面普遍存在的男女不平等现象就会被遮掩,正义就无法得到伸张。因此,国家应对使妇女系统地处于弱者地位的庞大社会习俗和文化结构的持久化负有责任。1993年,联合国《消除对妇女暴力宣言》首次明确表示国家具有人权层面上的,防治基于性别的暴力的责任。此后,每年的11月25日被联合国确定为“国际消除家庭暴力日”。在国家所采取的诸种措施中,法律是重要一环。“消除对妇女歧视委员会”建议缔约各国,“如果出现家庭暴力,必要时应诉诸刑事处罚以及民事补救方法。”根据联合国秘书长《关于一切形式对妇女暴力的深入研究报告》,截至2006年,全世界89个国家采用了某种形式的禁止家庭暴力立法。其中,60个国家制定了具体的反对家庭暴力法,同时,有越来越多的国家都制定了国家行动计划,以终止针对妇女的暴力。与2003年只有45个国家制定了针对家庭暴力的立法相比,目前的立法数量是大大增加了。但是,针对妇女实施的,基于性别的暴力仍然大量存在。这说明,有必要对立法和执法给予更多的关注。本文以社会性别分析方法为依托,以基于性别的家庭暴力为分析对象,在解构该种家庭暴力之实质的基础上,提出反家庭暴力法的价值取向和制度功能,并结合中美两国反家庭暴力的立法和司法实践,推动中国反家庭暴力法的发展和进步。全文除引言和结语外,共分七章,共约17万余字。第一章,家庭暴力的基本解释。本章主要对家庭暴力的内涵进行解读和辨析。一般来说,暴力是指武力,是施暴者通过借助直接的物质力量造成他人人身、财产等权益的损害。在这个基础上,学者们对暴力的范畴进行了扩展,将非直接借助物质力量的精神暴力等形式的暴力行为纳入暴力的范畴之内。自我国2001年《婚姻法》修正案正式规定有关规制和处置家庭暴力的民事规范以来,我国对家庭暴力内涵的界定一直以最高人民法院2001年公布的《关于适用<中华人民共和国婚姻法>若干问题的解释(一)》第1条的解释为依据。但是,由于这一界定主要是指导司法实践的,因此,在有关家庭暴力行为的客体、表现形式和损害结果等方面引起了理论界的争论。在比较中美两国的有关规定的基础上,本章提出,家庭暴力的客体应当包括受害者的人身权、财产权;无论是物理暴力,还是精神暴力,都必须是以积极作为的方式作出。此外,对损害结果的认定应当采取较低的标准,以便于受害者证明自己遭受了家庭暴力。第二章,反家庭暴力的人权基础。由于基于性别的家庭暴力是对妇女人权的侵犯,因此,人权框架是关于性别暴力研究的基础。笔者首先分析了人权的内涵、一般人权的内容,以及作为特殊人权的妇女人权。其次,笔者分析了传统法律为何不干预家庭暴力的原因。在以家庭为基准,区分公共领域与私人领域的前提下,家庭由于其特有的私密性、自然情感性而被认为属于法律不适于干预的私人领域,因此,发生在家庭内的所有事件,包括针对妇女的暴力行为都不需要通过法律手段来解决。女性主义理论对此提出了批评,通过证明私人领域与公共领域的同等重要性,以及公共领域与私人领域划分对女性的不利影响,从而提出国家必须承担起反对针对妇女的暴力行为的责任。最后,笔者回顾了联合国人权机构介入家庭暴力问题的历程。从20世纪80年代起,经过三个阶段的努力,联合国最终确认家庭暴力首先是侵犯妇女人权的行为,并把家庭暴力解释为“基于性别的暴力”。这样,在国际人权法层面,针对家庭暴力所做的各项工作均应以实现性别平等为目标。第三章,基于性别的家庭暴力及其解构。本章是对基于性别的家庭暴力的理论分析。本章第一节指出,性别,或称社会性别是女性主义理论针对社会中存在的男女不平等现实而创造的特有概念。其意义在于,指出女性处于弱势地位的现实不是因为女性自身的生理性别所致,而是源于社会的塑造。随后,本节指出社会性别理论对法学研究的五点意义。本章第二节分析了婚姻关系中的权力产生的原因和此种权力的性质。现代社会是一个契约社会,包括婚姻关系在内,许多社会关系都被视为契约关系。理论上,契约是平等的双方在自愿的基础上达成的,分配权利与义务的协议。但是,实力不平等的主体并不是不能缔结契约,只是这种契约将会因为缔约者的不平等而发展成权力关系。实力不平等的男女所缔结的婚姻关系也属此类。从性别角度上来看,不平等的夫妻之间形成的此种权力关系来源于性别之间的差异,其功能在于进一步强化性别差异的刻板印象。本章第三节分析了基于性别的家庭暴力的实质。暴力是掌权者的工具,为掌权者服务,但暴力与权力并不是同时出现的,而是当掌权者恐怕失去权力时采取的工具。当夫妻之间发生权力冲突时,为了维护既有的权力,男性掌权者便试图通过运用暴力工具使女性服从于自己。第四章,反家庭暴力法的价值取向和制度功能。本章主要涉及两个部分,即家庭暴力立法的价值取向和制度功能。笔者认为,法律是有关权利之学,正义价值是权利的逻辑基础。因此,正义价值也应当是家庭暴力立法的基本价值。鉴于正义分为分配正义和矫正正义两种基本类型,笔者认为,反家庭暴力立法的正义价值即在于如何在家庭中实现分配正义和矫正正义。贯彻分配正义的意义在于,由于夫妻权力关系的形成源于双方实力的不平等,因此,理应根据分配正义使双方实现实力的平等,以从根本上铲除产生暴力的土壤。贯彻矫正正义的意义在于,无救济便无权利,既然暴力表现为对受害者权益的侵犯,那么必须及时向受害者提供充分的救济。理论上,矫正正义乃为分配正义之补充。本章第二节在前一节的基础上,提出反家庭暴力法的制度功能。法律的功能是法律价值的具体化。对于家庭暴力立法应当实现怎样的功能,笔者认为,主要应有两级功能,低级功能和高级功能。其中低级功能是矫正正义的具体体现,它包括救济受害者和要求施暴者承担责任两个部分。高级功能是分配正义的具体体现,它主要在于赋予受害者以权利,从而实现男女双方的真正平等。第五章,规制家庭暴力民法实体法的中美比较研究。本章共分为四节。第一节主要论证了家庭暴力行为作为侵权行为的理论基础是其违法性,并在此基础上评述了中国学界关于家庭暴力侵权的理论争议和美国法把家庭暴力确认为故意侵权行为的历程。但是,侵权行为的一般概念很难准确说明基于性别的家庭暴力侵权的特殊性质。因此,笔者在第二节提出,基于性别的家庭暴力侵权具有三种特殊性质:连续性、策略性、滥用性。之所以作如此界定,是以性别暴力行为的性质为基础的。性别暴力是男性用于控制女性的手段,其目的在于维持权力关系。结果上,它使得受暴妇女陷入无助和屈从。因此,任何家庭暴力行为都不应当被视为单独的,而应当被视为是用来压迫受暴妇女的手段,而且,它是男性以最小成本获取最大利益的策略性的侵权行为,并以自身的优势地位为基础。本章第三节论述了家庭暴力侵权行为的构成要件。在中国法上,过错侵权行为的构成要件主要采四要件说,即加害行为的违法性、损害事实、加害行为与损害结果之间的因果关系以及行为人的过错。在美国法上,家庭暴力分属不同的诉因,笔者分析几种主要的家庭暴力侵权行为的构成要件,它们是殴击、威吓和故意精神损害。本章第四节论述了家庭暴力侵权行为的损害赔偿。现代侵权行为法以损害的填补为目的,对于侵权损害来说,补偿性损害赔偿是首要的救济方式,这也是中美侵权损害赔偿的共通点。但是,美国法院亦常常对施暴者判处惩罚性赔偿。笔者认为,对于家庭暴力侵权来说,补偿性赔偿的效用有限。原因在于,补偿性赔偿往往会使加害人利用机会主义的方式逃脱补偿。因此,从实际效果来看,补偿性损害赔偿是一种有利于施暴者的制度安排。惩罚性赔偿则将损害赔偿扩大到可能受到侵权行为影响的第三人和社会公益,倡导一种报复主义,即任何人无权未经他人同意,不得要求他人放弃其权利。因此,惩罚性赔偿更符合妇女人权保护的理念。第六章,处置家庭暴力的民法程序法的中美比较研究。本章第一节以我国因家庭暴力导致离婚的民事诉讼程序为分析对象。在处置家庭暴力的司法实践中,离婚案件为最常见者。笔者根据相关调查数据,分析了我国法院处理该类案件的程序,以及受害者寻求司法救济时遭遇的困境。总的来说,对于这类案件,我国法官遵循了审理一般民事案件的程序,而没有考虑到性别暴力的本质。本章第二节以美国民事保护令制度为分析对象。1994年以后,全美各州及哥伦比亚特区都立法规定家庭暴力受害者可以直接向法院请求签发民事保护令来保护自己的利益。本节正是对民事保护令的概念、特点、救济范围、取得、送达、执行程序以及违反民事保护令的责任所作的全面介绍和分析,并从受害者需要、权利救济、社会性别三个角度分析了民事保护令的积极性所在,在与私力救济对此的基础上,分析了民事保护令的缺陷。本章第三节从诉讼管辖、诉讼证明两个方面对我国家事诉讼与美国民事保护令诉讼进行了对比分析。第七章,完善中国反家庭暴力民事法制之建议。本章第一节在借鉴前人成果的基础上,论述了中国反家庭暴力民事立法应选择的理念和模式。反家庭暴力应当依靠公力救济与私力救济相结合,本节提出应树立以公共权力制止私人暴力、以私人权利制止私人暴力的立法理念。在立法模式的选择上,鉴于联合国文件强调反家庭暴力不应束缚于对现有法律做细枝末节的修订,加之处理家事关系专门化的需要,有必要采取专门法的立法模式。本章第二节在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,先后论述了消灭“性别暴力”的根本途径,以及完善民法实体法、程序法的一些举措。本文的主要创新之处在于:第一,首次以美国一些州的立法为研究对象,在比较研究的基础上,系统地分析了家庭暴力的内涵;第二,首次以社会性别理论为切入点分析了夫妻之间不平等的权力关系产生的原因;第三,以暴力和权力的内在联络为切入点,系统分析了夫妻之间不平等的权力关系与家庭暴力的逻辑联系,以及基于性别的家庭暴力的实质所在;第四,首次以性别平等为切入点分析了夫妻婚内侵权损害赔偿制度,扩展了社会性别分析方法的应用领域;第五,为切实保障受暴者的权利,必须采取更有效的救济措施,为此,作者对我国以离婚诉讼为代表的家事诉讼与美国民事保护令诉讼进行了比较分析。
【Abstract】 Gender-based domestic violence mainly happed between husband and wife,which is the means and way for males to control females,and is a serious violation of female humane rights.Different from violence happened in public sectors such as war,for the reason that domestic violence happened in so-called private sector,families,law or politics is unwilling to intervene so much.Nevertheless,if the state is indifferent,tolerant,or even indulges the domestic violence,the power to threaten women’s right is to be strengthened,the unequal phenomena between man and woman in society and family will be covered,and the justice will not be realized.Therefore,state should be liable for the social convention and cultural structure which make woman to stay in a weak position under private power system permanently.In 1993,UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women first made it clear that state has the liability in the aspects of human rights to prevent violence between different sexes and solve the violence.Afterwards,Nov.25th of each year is determined as the "International Day to Eliminate Domestic Violence".Of all the measures carried out by the state to eliminate domestic violence,law is the important one.Committee on Eliminating Discrimination on Woman suggests that in every country,"if domestic violence occurs, criminal penalty or civil compensation should be applied when necessary."Untill 2006,there are 89 countries and areas promulgated some kinds of law to ban domestic violence.60 countries enact special laws.Meanwhile,more and more countries constitute demarches to end violence against women.Comparing to 2003(only 45 countries made law against domestic violence),more special laws have been in the world.Even though,domestic violence still repeatedly occurs.That means,more attention should be put on legislation and judicial practice.The papar sets its foot on gender theory,sets gender-based domestic violence as its object,puts forword the value orientation and function of anti-domestic violence law, promotes the development of Chinese anti-domestic violence through comparing the legislation and judicial practice between U.S.and China.The whole thesis consists of seven chapters besides introduction and conclusion,about 170 thousand words approximately. ChapterⅠis titled as the concept of domestic violence.In general,violence means that abuser uses the force to harm other’ s body and property.Then,this concept had been widened.Violence only used through verbal abusing was included in this concept.After the enactment of amendment of Marriage Law in 2001,the concept of domestic violence interpreted by the Supreme People’s Court has often used in judicial practice.But,many different opinions about this concept had been put forward by scholars.After the comparing this concept in U.S.,the author suggests that the object of domestic violence should including the right of body and property.The behavior of violence should be made actively.And,the standard of result should be more low.ChapterⅡis titled as the human rights basis to prevent domestic violence.For gender-based domestic violence is the offence on female humane rights,human rights framework is the basis of violence research concerning gender.In this section,the author first analyzes the concept of common humane rights,and the concept of female human rights as special human rights.Second,the author analyzes the reason why the traditional law did not regulate domestic violence.The main reason is the tradition to discriminate public and private sectors.Every thing happended in the family should be regulated by law.The feminists criticize this tradition by emphasizing the importance of family and adverse influence on women.Every government must take on the duty to regulate the illegal behavior happened in family.In the end,the author analyzes the history of UN human rights agency intervening domestic violence.From 1980s,after three stages,UN finally determine that domestic violence is the act violating female humane rights firstly,and explain it as "gender-based violence".By this way,in international human rights sector,all work against domestic violence should focus on gender equality.ChapterⅢis titled as interpretation of gender-based domestic violence.In first section,the author point out that gender is created by feminist to deal with the real inequality between men and women.This word means that the weak position of women is formed by social cultures not their sex.Then,the author discusses the meaning of gender in legal research.In second section,the author analyzes the power in marital relationship and its nature.In modern society,the marriage has always been seen as a contract.In theory,the contract should be made by two persons with equal strength.But,it is not means that two persons with unequal strength could not finish one contract.But,the relationship between them will be power-based relationship.This conclusion also applys to marriage finished by unequal men and women.In this marriage,man always is winner.In third section,the author analyzes the nature of gender-based domestic violence.Violence is the tool of winner to keep the power on the loser.Therefore,the gender-based domestic violence is the tool of winner to keep the power coming form the gender.ChapterⅣis titled as the value orientation and function of domestic violence code. The author believes,law is the doctrines of rights,and justice is the logical basis for rights. Therefore,justice should be the basis value for domestic violence legislation.In theory,the value of justice had been divided into two parts,distributive justice and corrective justice.The meaning of distributive justice in family is promoting equality between husband and wife. The meaning of corrective justice is relief the victim.In second section,the author puts forward two kinds of functions following the value of justice.One function is low-class function.The meaning of this function based on the value of corrective justice is relieving the victims and punishing the abuser.Second function is high-class function.The meaning of this function based on the value of distributive justice is endowing the rights to victims.ChapterⅤis titled as the comparison between Chinese substantive law and U.S. substantive law regulating the domestic violence.This chapter includes four sections.In first section,the author concludes that the illegality is the basis of domestic violence to be seen as tort.In second section,the author suggests that domestic violence tort has three kinds of natures,continuous tort,tactical tort and abusing preponderant position tort.In third section, the author analyzes the constitutive requirements of domestic violence tort.In Chinese law, intentional tort has four constitutive requirements.In U.S.law,the situation is different because there are several causes of action of domestic violence tort.The author analyzes three main causes,battery,assault and intentional infliction of emotional distress.In fourth section, the author analyzes the compensation of domestic violence tort.Modern tort law targets for compensation of the damages.Therefore,as to tort damage,compensation for damages is the prime remedy.This is also the common point between Chinese law and U.S.law.But,U.S. civil law practice also imposes punitive damage on the abused.The author believes,as to domestic violence tort,there’s little function for compensative damage.The reason is that the abuser always escape from compensation by opportunism.Therefore,the compensative damage is a kind of institutional arrangement to the abused benefits from the practical effects. Punitive damage puts the damage compensation into a new view of extending it to the third part and social interests which may be effected by tort,advocating a retaliation,that is,no one has the right to ask others give up their right or force others giving up rights without others consent,and exchange for his own power,even it meets economic benefits,it violates moral concepts.Therefore,punitive damage does better to meet the concept of protecting female humane rights.ChapterⅥis titled as comparison between Chinese procedure law and U.S.In first section,the author analyzes some action of divorce resulted by domestic violence in China. The author concludes that the victims can not be protected by general proceeding since the judge does not consider the particular points of domestic violence.In second section,the author analyzes the civil protection order proceeding in U.S.After 1994,all states and Washingon D.C.enacted the law providing that the victims of domestic violence may directly apply the court for civil protection order to protect their interests.The author fully introduces and analyzes the concept,characteristics,applying fields,gaining,delivering,executing procedure of civil protective order,and the liability against it.At last,the author analyzes and reviews the general civil proceeding and civil protection order proceeding from three perspectives,the needs of victims,the relief of rights and gender equality.In third section,the author compares and analyzes the procedure of divorce and civil protection order.ChapterⅦis titled as suggestions about how to perfect civil law regulating domestic violence in China.All the suggestions are based on the works of scholars.In first section,the author analyzes the idea and mode of legislation.There are two ideas about how to restrict personal violence.The first one is using public power to restrict personal violence.The second one is using personal rights to restrict personal violence.As to the mode of legislation, the author suggests that we should select the special mode.This mode has already accepted and used by UN and the countries with domestic violence laws.In second section,the author suggests that we should destroy the foundation of gender power.Then,we may improve the situation of victims by using some particular regulations.The innovations of this thesis are following as:First,this thesis analyzes the concept of domestic violence based on comparing the law and acts of U.S.Second,this thesis analyzes the unequal relationship between married couple from the perspective of gender.Third,this thesis analyzes the relationship between power and violence,power between married couple and gender-based violence. Fourth,this thesis analyzes the tort compensation between married couple from the perspective of gender.Firth,this thesis compare and analyze the divorce procedure and civil protection procedure.
【Key words】 domestic violence; gender; power; right; comparative study;