民国时期河北旗地变革研究（1912-1934）

【作者】 王立群；

【导师】 迟云飞；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 1912年民国肇兴,千年帝制宣告终结,财产的重新分配问题也伴随而来。河北旗地,这一清代所特有的土地形态,随着朝代更替,因其归属及地域的特殊性而在新的时代中引发了错综复杂、涉及深广的利益争夺。对此,民国政府成立了专门机构对其进行了较长时间的清理和处分。第一章在回顾河北旗地于清代缘起及演变的基础之上,着重分析了自清代中叶以来愈演愈烈的私典旗地的情况,并进一步说明旗地的私有化是历史发展之必然。随着政权变换,民国初年的河北旗地面临一种怎样的态势,成为民国政府日后制定一系列旗地政策参考的重要依据。因此在第二章中,本文着重对河北旗地的存留状况以及其所面临的国内外情势作了具体分析。1912—1934年间,有关河北旗地的清丈处分政策从无到有,不断完善。本文第三章首先按其发展脉络对各阶段民国政府颁布的河北旗地政策进行了梳理,然后对其在旗地所在各地的具体施行状况进行了论述和探讨。袁世凯上台后,将作为清代官有的旗租地完全接收,开始清理处分。而随着袁世凯对中央集权建构的日益自信,旗圈地的清理和处分也出于充盈财政的迫切需要逐渐展开。其后,虽然主政河北之政权屡次改易,但是河北旗地的清理和处分则在由佃农出一定代价获得旗地为核心内容的政策主导下,从军阀混战一直延续到国民政府前期,并依旧作为他们弥补财政的重要来源。纵观民国政府处分旗地的这二十余年,有关旗地清理处分的宏观政策是不断颁布的,而旗地所在各县除了部分县份结合本县的实际情况将其“本土化”之外,更是呈现出由地域性而带来的进度和施行力度都差别甚大的景象。可以说,河北旗地政策从颁布到实施是一个包括政府在内的旗地相关各方不断斗争并妥协的过程。民国时期,政权屡易,各种机构时设时裁、迭有变革,有关河北旗地的清理处分机构也多有变化。本文第四章首先从省级和县级两个不同层面对河北旗地管理机构的沿革进行了爬梳,然后结合各层次管理人员的构成和工作效能情况,将河北旗地管理体制这个内在因素纳入到考量和解释河北旗地政策实际实施效果的范围内。拨补租地,是清代满族统治者对于近畿被圈去土地人民在外地的补偿,属于民田范畴。由于其经租的特殊性,民国时期历届政府在整理河北旗地的过程中,都将拨补地列于清理旗产机构的管辖范围之中,并数次试图对此类土地采取同于处分旗地的方法,以达增裕赋税的目的。本文第五章首先对拨补租地的由来,亦即拨补租地与旗地的关系以及民国时期拨补租地的遗留情况进行了阐述,然后集中探讨了相关各方在拨补租地清理政策制定过程中所扮演的角色以及由政策的最终制定所反映出的各方在利益争夺上的对弈结果。在民国时期清理和处分政策的主导下,以从省到县的各级管理机构为依托,河北旗地接承清末即已开始的私有化进程并更大规模的向民地转化着。本文第六章集中探讨了旗地相关各方在这一地权变动过程中的权力较量。在这场围绕旗地的清理和处分的利益争夺中,政府处于利益链条的最顶端,佃户处于利益链条的最底端,庄头和旗地经管机构人员则是他们之间发生关系的连结点。旗地的变革为上述各方提供了一个权力较量的机会,而经过此番对弈,各方形势之优劣则更加昭然若揭。虽然庄头和旗地经管机构人员依恃手中资源为自己赢得了超过其本应所得的经济利益,但政府则更是在较大程度上实现了自己的初衷,成为最大的赢家。可以说,通过这场历二十余载的河北旗地“由旗到民”变革的历史嬗变,既可以了解国家政策从制定到实施过程中遇到的复杂问题,以及地方势力对国家的影响,也可以看到他们围绕各自利益所展开较量的最终结果。只不过作为最大获益方的国家由于自身原因,并未找寻到一条更为合理的道路作为实现自己目标的途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the feudal monarchies in China as long as more than 2000 years were ended. And with it comes the division of property. The banner legacy in Hebei, one special land of Qing Dynasty, raised the complex competition due to its particularity of ownership and location. Therefore, the special institution was established to resolve the banner legacy for a long time by the government of the Republic of China.Based on the review of the banner legacy’s origin and variation in Hebei during the Qing Dynasty, Chapter One focus on analyzing the multiplication of the banner legacy’s being sold privately, and further points out the inevitability of the banner legacy’s privatization.The situation of the banner legacy at the beginning of the Republic of China is the reference basis for the government’s policymaking. Therefore, Chapter Two emphasizes to analyze the specific circumstances of the banner legacy and the situation both internal and international it was facing.From 1912 to 1934, the related policies about how to resolve the banner legacy have been perfected steadily. The Chapter Three first summarizes the policies during this time, then inspects their implements in those areas where the banner legacy were. As Yuan Shi-kai came to power, the Qizudi, as the state-owned land of the Qing Dynasty, was taken over and cleaned gradually. But along with the increasing confidence of holding political power, Yuan Shi-kai got around to clean the Qiquandi for the purpose of increasing the fiscal revenue. Thenceforward, although the regimes continually alternated, the cleaning of the banner legacy had been remained from the warlord era to the early Nanjing Kuomin government period. Throughout the history of the banner legacy’s being cleaned by the government of the Republic of China, it presented the enormous differences on the progress and strength according to region. So the process, from the coming on of banner legacy policies to theirs being carried out, was under the way between the fight and compromise among all relevant parties including the government.During the Republic of China, many institutions transited with the regime change, and the governing body of the banner legacy is no exception. Chapter Four first introduces the development of the governing body of the banner legacy on provincial and county level, then focus on inspecting the actual implementation of the banner legacy policies, based on the analysis of the structure and efficiency of management staff.Bobuzudi is the compensation to those who had been occupied the land in the areas adjacent to the capital. Although as the common land, it had been resolved as the banner legacy by the government of the Republic of China because of the specialty connected with the banner legacy. Chapter Five explicates the history of Bobuzudi and the relationship between it and the banner legacy, then makes a concentrated exploration on the roles of the relevant parties in the policymaking of Bobuzudi in the Republic lf China and the result of haggling reflected from the above competition.Under the guidance of the relevant policies, the banner legacy transform towards the common land on a far greater scale while carrying on the development tendency from the end of the Qing Dynasty. Chapter Six probes into the gaming of power among the relevant parties during the ownership transformation of the banner legacy. In this benefit struggles, the government is on the very top of the chain and the tenant peasants is on the end, while those jangturies and formal management staff are the contact point between them. The ownership transformation of the banner legacy provides the chance for above parties to struggle, and their roles in the temporal society are revealed much more clearly. In spite of more benefit was gotten by those jangturies and formal management than they would had, the government won the biggest share as it realized the target in the great degree.In the last chapter, it was pointed out that the ownership transformation of the banner legacy incarnated one kind of the interactions between the state and the local. From it, we can find out the troubles existing in the course of policies’being designed and implemented, and the influence exert on the state, as well as the final result of the struggle among them. But as the top gainer, the state failed to find a more rational resort to accomplish its target because of the causes of themselves.更多还原