秦汉豪强地主犯罪问题研究

【作者】 刘洋；

【导师】 宋杰；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 秦汉时期,豪强地主犯罪是严重社会问题。笔者拟从社会史的角度,在前辈学者研究的基础上,引入犯罪社会学的相关方法,联系春秋战国社会变革后的历史背景,较为全面、系统地研究秦汉豪强地主犯罪问题。秦汉社会承春秋战国之际社会大变革之后,社会阶级关系、上层建筑等方面都发生了深刻变化。在这种历史背景下,豪强地主阶层从地主阶级内部成长起来,其犯罪活动成为严重的社会问题。依据侵害客体的不同,秦汉时期豪强地主的犯罪活动大致可以归纳为以下三类:破坏经济秩序的犯罪、扰乱社会治安的犯罪和危害国家统治的犯罪。我们于每一种类下,将同类或性质接近的罪例归为一宗,择以罪名。破坏经济秩序的犯罪:兼并土地,田宅逾制、私匿人户、隐匿财产,逃避租税、豪杰役使;扰乱社会治安的犯罪:扰乱地方吏治、放纵族众宾客为奸、复仇;危害国家统治的犯罪:谋反、首匿、篡囚、组织私兵等。在此基础上,考察、分析豪强地主各项犯罪活动的组织形式、犯罪手段和具体内容等。对于豪强地主犯罪问题的防治,汉初政府采取宽松、放任的政治和经济政策,到汉武帝时代,豪强地主犯罪成为严重的社会问题。汉武帝一改往昔的无为政策,从政治和经济两方面,对豪强地主的违法活动进行打击和抑制。汉武帝的打击和抑制,虽然暂时压制住了豪强地主犯罪发展的势头,但不能根本解决问题。西汉中后期,封建政府又采取了儒学教化和选举入仕的措施。在政府软硬两手政策下,一些豪强地主也不得不改弦更张,转向对经学的追求,并经过通经入仕的途径踏上仕途,转变成为官僚士大夫阶层。东汉政权是在豪强大族的支持下建立的,他们成了其统治基础。东汉政府在经济上,放任豪强地主大土地所有制和人身依附关系的发展,综合经营的田庄经济发展起来;在文化上,尊崇儒学,豪强地主儒学化不断加深,形成累世经学;在政治上,保障豪强地主做官的权利,豪强地主操纵了选举。在这种情况下,豪强地主经济势力日益巩固,又得为经学世家,并控制了仕途,而使自己政治地位上升,遂成为世家豪族。豪强地主的犯罪活动对秦汉时期的经济、政治和社会阶级关系诸方面,都产生了影响。在经济方面,侵蚀自耕农经济,干犯国家的经济政策,影响商品经济的发展。在政治方面,干预地方政权施政,破坏封建政治和法律制度,扰乱地方治安,甚至威胁中央集权统治。在社会阶级关系方面,导致自耕农破产,使部分农民对豪强地主的依附关系加强。通过研究,笔者认为秦汉时期,豪强地主的犯罪活动总体上具有以下几个特点:一、出现了一些新的犯罪种类;二、对社会的危害性比较严重;三、犯罪活动受国家政策影响;四、一些犯罪活动逐渐合法化。更多还原

【Abstract】 The crime of powerful landlord was a social problem in Qin-Han dynasty.The article study crime of powerful landlord in Qin-Han dynasty,from a angle of social history,introducing methods of crime sociology and connecting with historical background of social changes of the period of Spring and Autumn and Warring states.The period of Qin-Han dynasty,have following social changes of the Spring and Autumn period and the period of Warring states,The crime of powerful landlord become a serious social question.According to dissimilarity of the object on witch crime of powerful landlord encroach,its crime activities into three type:The crime of Breaking economic order:Annexing farmland and possessing courtyard beyond rules, Sheltering person,Conceal property to escape the taxes and levies,Enslaving peasant. The crime of Disturbing social order:Damaging local feudal social order,Indulging the clansmen and guests as robber,Revenge.The crime of Endangering governmental rule:Treason felony,Misprision,Seizing prisoner,Oganizing the private armed forces.To control the crime of powerful landlord,government adopt a loose politics and economic policy in the early Han Dynasty.The crime of powerful landlord become grave social problem in the Emperor Wudi of Han dynasty.The Wudi change former inactivity policy,restrain powerful landlord from politics and economic aspect.Though the policy inhibited temporarily powerful landlord,but unable solve completely the question.In medium and later of the Western Han Dynasty,government have adopted Confucianism civilizing and choose policy.Under the stick and carrot of policy,the landlord has to tyrannically change,turn to study Confucian classics and enter into government,turn around literati and officialdom.The Eastern Han Dynasty had been builded under support of powerful landlord,they had became ruling basis.On economy,the Eastern Han Dynast admitted the big land ownerships,person relations of dependence and manor economy;On culture,revere highly confucianism,powerful landlord become Confucianism-rization;On politics,the landlord has controlled election.In such circumstances,Landlord economy develops tyrannically,classics aristocratic family,and control official career,become the nobleman.The crime of powerful landlord had affected the Qin-Han Dynasty’s economy, politics and the social class relates.In economic aspect,corrodes the land-holding peasant economy,offends national the economic policy,affect the commodity economy.In political aspect,intervenes the local organs of state power administration, destruction politics and the legal regime,harasses the place public security,even threatens the centralization rule.In social class aspect,causes the land-holding peasant to go bankrupt,the farmer to strengthen to the powerful landlord’s attachment relations.Based on the above-mentioned researches,crime of powerful landlord totally had the four features:The first,the criminal had new contents.The second,criminal society endanger was comparatively serious.The third,criminal development situation gradually weakened.The fourth,some criminal activities gradually became legitimate.更多还原