【作者】 彭金洲；

【导师】 袁作生；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 现代田径运动比赛,呈现出两大变化趋势:(1)大赛从个别天才运动员的表演,转变为实力处于同一水平运动员的较量;(2)在运动成绩不断提高的同时,比赛对抗的激烈程度也在逐步加剧。这种变化,使训练水平的发挥变得越来越重要、越来越微妙。战术制约着训练效益向参赛效益转化,是应对这种趋势的关键因素。但是,田径运动战术到底是什么、有什么作用?它形成的训练学基本单元是什么、有什么样的训练过程模式?它博弈的本质和结构是什么、有什么样的策略?这些有关田径运动战术的基本问题,都有待进行系统化、理论化研究。为此,本研究采用文献法、调查法、战例分析法和数理统计法等,对田径运动战术概念、形成的基本训练单元和训练模式、博弈的结构和策略进行了系统地研究。研究结果如下:1.在分析不同领域战术内涵的基础上,依据专家调查结果和逻辑学原理,定义了‘田径运动战术’的概念;并着力分析了‘田径运动战术’的六个核心特征:战术风格个性化、体力分配性、策划与实施谋略性、竞赛环境限制性、竞赛规则制约性和驱动训练变革导向性。2.综合运用训练学基本理论,对田径运动战术形成训练基本单元(内容体系、方法体系、原则体系)进行了研究。其中,形成内容体系包括:专项战术知识、专项战术战法、专项战术心理、专项战术环境和专项战术谋略。形成方法体系包括:单维战术训练方法群和多维训练方法群。形成原则体系包括:系统性原则、个性化原则、实战性原则、对抗性原则和针对性原则。3.在对田径运动战术形成目标分析的基础上,建立了,以‘赛前训练’为核心、以‘有效行为差异’为调控点的训练过程模式。该模型在横向上,由导向区、任务区、途径区和实旌区组成,体现了战术训练实施的具体化;在纵向上,由训练指导层、训练积累层和展示层组成,体现了战术形成发展的阶段化。4.用径运动战术是用来博弈的,其博弈本质是实现战术效益最大化。在对田径运动比赛战例认识的基础上,运用博弈论研究成果,对田径运动战术博弈的结构和博弈策略进行了研究。田径运动战术博弈的结构包括:由行动顺序和信息决定的四类博弈;由参赛人数决定的三类博弈;由博弈目标决定的三类博弈。田径运动战术博弈策略包括,行动策略、信息策略、行动规则策略和合作策略四大类。更多还原

【Abstract】 Modern track and field highlights two features:(1) it is becoming a fierce competition of level athletes instead of the performance of particular talented ones;(2) with the improving of athletes’ performance and the fierceness of competition,the maximizing performance is of vital importance to the athletes.Thus tactics plays a key role in achieving this ideal.So,these basic questions concerning the track and field,such as its basic training unit,training course mode,game structure,the variety of tactics,are to be systemized and theorized.This paper conducts a systematic research of the above-mentioned aspects of track and field via the backup of philological method, investigation,case study and symbolic statistics.Its achievements are as follows:1.It helps to define the concept of "track and field" by approaching the essential characteristics of tactics in military field, sociological field and sports training field,and applying logic theory and specialists’ research;and makes a thorough analysis of tactic’ s six core aspects:tactic individuation,physical strength distribution, scheme stratagem,sports environment limitation,competition rule restriction as well as orientation in inspiring training renovation.2.Based upon the characteristic analysis of tactics,it studies the basic units of tactics training in terms of content system,method system and principle system.Content system includes specialized knowledge, technique,mentality,environment and stratagem of tactics;method system includes one-dimension training method cluster and multi-dimension training method cluster;principle system includes system principle,individual principle,competition principle, antagonism principle and pertinence principle. 3.Based upon an analysis of tactics objective,it designs a training course mode with pre-contest training as the core area of tactics formation and effective action difference as key adjusting point.This mode,breadthwise,manifests the whole process of training by connecting the lead in area,task area,passing area and field area;lengthwise, demonstrates the developing process of tactics formed by training guidance level,accumulation level and manifestation level.4.The tactics of track and field is aimed for competition,the nature of which is to maximize the tactics efficiency.Based upon the analysis of competition cases and the previous research of game theory,this paper conducts a study into the structure and stratagem of game tactics.The structure of game tactics includes the Type four game with action order and information as determinants;the Type three game with number of competitors as determinant and the Type three game with objective as determinant.The variety of tactics stratagem includes action stratagem, information stratagem,action rules stratagem and cooperation stratagem.更多还原