【作者】 武淑平；

【导师】 宋守信；

【作者基本信息】 北京交通大学 ， 安全管理与工程， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 电力行业的公益性和网络性决定了电力安全生产的极端重要性。诸多研究和电力行业事故的统计数据表明,人的因素,尤其是人员不严格执行安全工作规程,误操作、违章操作等人因失误行为是电力生产中故障与问题发生的主要原因。如何结合电力企业生产实际情况,对电力企业生产中存在的人因失误问题进行系统研究,探索出一套有效控制人因失误的对策,无疑是一个具有十分重要现实意义的课题。然而,当前对电力企业生产中人因失误的研究成果并不多,已有的研究成果主要集中在生产违章和误操作两方面,这些研究多数理论性较为薄弱。本文借鉴管理学、组织行为学、心理学、安全科学等学科的理论知识,对电力企业生产中存在的人因失误及其影响因素进行了深入研究和分析,并结合电力企业实际情况,探讨了减少电力企业人因失误的组织管理对策。主要研究成果如下:(1)结合电力企业安全生产之实际和轨迹交叉论等理论对电力企业生产系统的特点以及“人因”和“物因”对安全生产作用的特性进行了分析,论证了人因失误问题对安全生产的重要影响作用;通过对电力企业生产中人因失误类型、机理、特性等进行分析,论证了电力企业生产中普遍存在的违章、误操作等人因失误行为既具有客观存在性更具有可管理性的特征;通过查阅和分析文献资料,对电力企业生产中人因失误的影响因素进行了整理,并运用层次分析法对不同因素的重要程度进行了判定,确定了重点对员工人格特征、能力素质、心理健康等个体性因素和组织沟通、安全生产职能部门、组织文化等组织性因素进行研究。(2)针对电力企业生产中的人因失误及其影响因素进行了广泛地实地调查,并对问卷数据进行了统计分析,进一步认识了电力企业生产中人因失误的基本特点,如人因失误发生情况与年龄成负相关关系;人因失误发生最频繁的人群为有一定工龄的人而非新员工;已婚者人因失误发生的频繁程度较低;管理措施不得力引发的事故及操作失误十分频繁等。(3)在调查研究的基础上,对重要且易于通过管理手段改善的6个人因失误影响因素从个体视角和组织视角两个方面进行了深入分析和探讨,获得了一些有价值的结论。具体包括:对“事故倾向”理论进行了评析,由“事故频发”导出了“失误倾向”的概念,依据卡特尔16种人格因素指出了“失误倾向者”的基本人格特征;提出了影响员工人因失误的六个主要素质能力指标:准确性、注意力、快速反应能力、熟练性、判断力、预见性等;对电力企业员工的心理压力状况进行了说明,并分析了心理压力对人因失误的影响机理;系统分析了电力企业组织沟通、安全生产职能部门、组织文化的特点和基本情况,并结合调研数据分析了各个组织性因素对人因失误的影响作用,为探讨人因失误组织管理对策奠定了基础。(4)结合调查分析所得,从行业和企业管理层面提出了控制和减少电力企业生产中人因失误(包括组织管理失误)的对策建议。包括:“以人为本”理念指导下的人因失误管理模式;借鉴员工帮助计划(EAP)的思路和做法提出了电力企业员工安全帮助计划(ESAP);在群体动力学思想的基础上,提出了改善组织沟通氛围、提高安监部门的地位以及培育电力企业安全文化的对策建议;针对电力企业组织管理方面的失误对员工人因失误和安全生产的重要影响,提出了基于风险管理的组织失误控制模式等。更多还原

【Abstract】 The great importance of power industry determines the extreme importance of its safety production.A lot of research and many power industry accident statistics indicate that the human factor,such as employees not strictly enforce the safe working order,misoperation,illegal operation errors,is the main reason for the power production accident.Therefore,how to combine the power production actual situation with the new theories and methods to explore the effective countermeasures of the human error is undoubtedly a very important issue with great practical significance. But the current research on it is not only lack but also have low level of theory.In this dissertation,based on the research program that the author participate during the Dr.study and the extensive survey for this dissertation writing,the author use the knowledge and theories of the psychology,psychometrics,management, organizational behavior disciplines and made an in-depth study and analysis of the human error and its influencing factors in the power enterprise.The following aspects were studied in this dissertation:(1)Through the use of cross-track theory and other accident theories,the author analyze the situation of the electricity enterprise safety production and accidents,as well as the function of the "people" and "objects" in the safety production system,and demonstrate that the significance of studying the human errors.The author also analyze the type,mechanism,characteristics of the human error,demonstrate that human error in the electric power enterprises have the features of both the inevitability and manageability.Through the reference of the books and the historical documents for power safety production,the author collected most all the factors affecting human errors.After inquiring the experts,the author used the AHF and determined the importance of different factors,decided to make deep research on the following six factors:individual factors including ability,personality characteristics and mental health of the employee;organizational factors including organizational communication, organizational structure and organizational culture.(2) To a better understanding of the human errors and its influencing factors of the electricity production,the author conducted a questionnaire survey,through the descriptive statistical analysis,we got the following conclusions:there is a negative correlation between the age and the human error happening;t the married people have less human errors;management factors trigger lots of human errors.etc.(3)Based on the survey,the author carried out an in-depth analysis and discussion of the six important factors which influence the human errors.Through the review of the "accident proneness" theory,the author put forward the "error proneness" and its personality characteristics with the 16PF questionnaire;brought forward the six major indicators affected the employees’ safety production ability;explored the influencing mechanism of the psychological stress on human errors;analyzed the characteristics of the organizational communication,organization,framework organizational culture of the electricity enterprise and its influencing functions to the human errors.All these researches lay the foundation for exploring management countermeasures for the human error.(4)At last,the dissertation put forwards systematic,practical countermeasures and proposals for the control of the human error,such as the "people-oriented" human error control mode,ESAP,group dynamics-based management improving measures,based on risk control of the management organization and failures,.etc.更多还原