汉代小说史叙论

【作者】 王守亮；

【导师】 杜贵晨；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 二十世纪二十年代以来,尤其八十年代至今,汉代小说研究日益受到重视,取得了不少研究成果。但已有研究偏重志怪作品,关注范围较小。汉代小说的整体研究尚嫌薄弱,至今没有一部独立的《汉代小说史》。而汉代小说自有其价值,有关的研究关系中国小说史全局。有鉴于此,本文拟对汉代小说史作力求全面的描述与研究,故题曰“汉代小说史叙论”。本文共九章,各章主要内容如下。第一章《绪论》,介绍汉代小说研究的历史与现状,说明本文探讨的主要问题与研究方法。第二章《汉代小说发展的文化动因》,从神仙方术与鬼怪信仰、图书典藏与学校教育、史书编撰和汉赋等文化因素着眼,考察汉代小说发展演变的文化动因。神仙方术与鬼怪信仰广泛存在于汉代社会,方士们编造以求仙为主旨的神仙故事,是造作志怪故事的重要力量。死者有知、泰山治鬼、阴阳五行等其他宗教信仰也都影响产生了不少志怪故事。汉代重视图书典藏与学校教育,对当时小说的发展是有利的促进因素。首先,官方重视图书典藏,对小说发展有促进之功:(一)一批先秦小说被保存下来,成为汉人编撰创作小说时的参照和借鉴;(二)先秦典籍成为汉人编撰小说的重要题材来源;(三)当代小说被官方大量收藏,这对时人从事小说编撰创作也是一种刺激。其次,经学和鸿都门学教育培养造就了规模可观的文人阶层,成为小说编撰创作的主体因素。经学教育过程本身征引各种历史故事以明经义;鸿都门学诸生致力于“造作赋说”,对东汉末年小说的发展有其贡献。史传文学和汉赋从艺术上给予小说以多方面的滋养沾溉。像《史记》、《汉书》人物传记的小说化倾向,为小说的人物描写提供了参照和借鉴。两书推动了杂史杂传的兴盛,一批杂史小说如《列女传》、《越绝书》、《吴越春秋》、《飞燕外传》等随之问世。汉赋有意虚构事体、一定的情节性和故事性以及博物化特征,沟通了赋与小说间的关系,部分赋作以其较强的情节性和故事性而成为“赋体小说”。第三章《汉代小说的继统与流别》,对汉代小说的历史渊源和发展演变做了历时性考察,讨论了汉代小说的分类问题。汉代小说是对战国小说的继承,两者在故事题材、编撰体例、故事赋和文体存在形态等方面,有着相似性或明显的前后相继关系。其中,《山海经》对汉代志怪小说影响最大,《晏子春秋》、《韩非子》等对汉代小说亦各有其影响。汉代小说的发展演变大致经历了三个时期。西汉初年到武、宣之世是汉代小说的兴起时期,出现了以《虞初周说》等为标志的小说编撰与创作的热潮。西汉后期到东汉中期是汉代小说的繁荣时期,出现了刘向、刘歆两位一流的小说家。东汉后期是汉代小说向魏晋六朝小说过渡的渐变阶段。最后讨论了汉代小说的分类问题,将其分为四类,即:志怪小说,轶事小说,杂史小说和赋体小说。第四章《汉代志怪小说》(上),主要论列《列仙传》、《神异经》、《十洲记》、《蜀王本纪》、《汉武故事》、《异闻记》以及《风俗通义》的《正失》、《怪神》等。考证《列仙传》产生于汉末灵、献之世。今本《列仙传》与应劭所称引者内容有异,但就仙人主要事迹而言,大致保存了古本面貌。《列仙传》开创了化外为王等文学母题,是其重要艺术贡献。《神异经》和《十洲记》是地理博物之作。《神异经》表现出一定的道德教化色彩和贴近生活的情趣化倾向,是它的重要艺术特色。《十洲记》的成就主要在艺术方面,一是营构了琼宫玉宇、等级有别的仙人世界,为后来小说描写仙人世界提供了参照;二是文字具有赋化色彩,富于艺术表现力。《蜀王本纪》和《汉武故事》是杂史性质的志怪小说。《蜀王本纪》作于扬雄在蜀时期。书中望帝形象带有鲜明的悲剧色彩,反映了我国上古神话悲剧美和崇高美的美学特征;有的内容曲折反映了蜀地桑蚕业开发历史和先民渴望战胜自然、与外界交流的理想。《汉武故事》成书时代在献帝时,作者是一位看到汉家气数已尽,但对汉家江山仍有留恋的文人。《汉武内传》取纪传体式,形成长篇结构,叙事简雅。《异闻记》和《风俗通义》之《正失》、《怪神》等篇属于杂记体志怪。《异闻记》标志着杂记体志怪的产生。这一志怪体制一则具有取材自由的优势,二则可显示作者的博闻多识,得到了文人重视与效仿。《风俗通义》的《正失》、《怪神》等篇收录大量志怪故事,首次将仙、鬼、精、怪等艺术形象集于一书,表现出荟萃古今志怪的气度。题材方面,《异闻记》、《风俗通义》多记现世神怪故事,表现了一定的生活气息,标志着志怪小说题材思想意蕴方面的新变。第五章《汉代志怪小说》(下),主要论列谶纬小说。谶纬小说内容驳杂,可分为三大类,即:帝王神话传说故事,地理博物类故事,西王母等其他神话传说故事。帝王神话传说故事数量最多,构成谶纬小说的主体。谶纬小说的主要艺术特点是:(一)帝王神话传说故事对主人公出生与形貌有意神化,(二)人物形象类型化,(三)构建了奇丽的荒外世界,(四)表现出总揽天地的气概。谶纬小说成为魏晋六朝地理博物类小说的重要题材来源,开创了一些文学母题,对后世小说颇有影响。以《河图括地象》为例对谶纬小说予以个案研究。认为《河图括地象》与《括地图》系属同书,为一书而异名。该书题材受到《山海经》的影响,表现出明显的地理博物化倾向;与《山海经》相比,想象丰富,故事性增强,显示了艺术上的进步。最后讨论了《虞初周说》以及《淮南子》、《论衡》中的志怪之作。第六章《汉代轶事小说》,论列《韩诗外传》、《新序》、《说苑》和《西京杂记》,《风俗通义》的《愆礼》、《过誉》等篇,以及《礼记·檀弓》中的小说因素等;考论了刘向已佚的《百家》和《世说》。《韩诗外传》是一部历史故事集,所载多为先秦历史故事,文学意味比较浓厚。故事多关乎士人的忠、孝、勇等节概问题,这是其思想内容上的重要特点。《外传》对刘向《新序》、《说苑》和《列女传》等书的编撰有影响;故事结尾引《诗》以结的形式开创了古代小说结尾常用的诗赞体式。《新序》和《说苑》属于历史故事集。两书并非“旧本有之”,而确为刘向撰著;主要内容可分为五个方面,即:人主之道,人臣之术,节士高义,刍荛狂夫之议,列女懿范。在形态特征上,两书表现为似子似史又非子非史的特点。这是由刘向“助观览、补遗阙”的谏戒性著述目的所决定的,同时也使之产生了鲜明小说意味。两书首开按一定主题将故事分门别类、以类相从的编排方式,是《搜神记》、《世说新语》等分类记事的发端,“世说”体的形成多受两书影响。考论刘向《百家》是一部兼收轶事和志怪的故事集;《世说》是一部与《新序》、《说苑》和《列女传》性质相同的历史故事集,佚文今存两条。关于《西京杂记》,首先分析了该书作者的刘歆、葛洪、吴均、萧贲、无名氏五说。认为作者葛洪说、吴均说、无名氏说其源均出于唐;作者吴均说、萧贲说不足据。其次,结合有关史料,对葛洪《西京杂记跋》进行解读,认为《杂记》是葛洪抄录整理的刘歆作品。对《西京杂记》的思想内容与艺术特点进行了简要分析。《风俗通义》中《愆礼》、《过誉》、《十反》和《穷通》各篇,收录较多轶事小说,内容有四个方面:(一)东汉士人的逸事琐闻;(二)狱讼奇闻;(三)人生悲欢离合;(四)笑话性质的趣谈琐闻。这些故事情节构思较为细密,颇显经营之功,语言简炼省净,对魏晋笑话、《世说新语》、公案小说等均有一定影响。《礼记·檀弓》多收一些简短精练的对话体故事,曾子易箦、苛政猛于虎、嗟来之食等,都是很好的轶事之作。第七章《汉代杂史小说》,论列《燕丹子》、《列女传》、《越绝书》、《吴越春秋》、《琴操》聂政刺韩王故事、《飞燕外传》等。考论《燕丹子》成于秦汉之际。燕丹是一个急于事功,疏于政治和军事谋略的贵族公子,但不畏暴秦、绝地反击的复仇之举,引人同情,形象富于悲剧之美。荆轲是我国小说史上最早的侠客形象。《燕丹子》的复仇主题对《越绝书》、《吴越春秋》等产生了影响。《列女传》为刘向编撰,成书于成帝永始年间。主要内容为:贤女贞妇的嘉言懿行,孽嬖女子的祸国灭家言行。这是第一部女传,启发了汉末魏晋各类杂传的立目;叙事详赡,人物形象较为鲜明。《越绝书》系袁康、吴平编订而成,成于东汉初年。该书以吴越争霸为中心事件,前勾后连,左右旁及,形成一个松散的故事体系,可视为短篇小说集。《吴越春秋》富于小说意味,内吴外越的结构寓含微言大义,表现了赵晔以礼让天下为审视基点,对吴越争霸历史的深沉思考。该书富于小说意味,情节的突出特点是传奇性、浪漫性,注重人物形象刻画,塑造了伍子胥、勾践等人物形象,开后世历史演义的先河。《琴操》聂政刺韩王故事定型于东汉中期,虽对历史史实有所依傍,但主要内容出于虚构。作者采用杂取种种人合成一个的文学手段,故事中加入了大量虚构内容,塑造出刺客聂政的形象。故事艺术水准在《燕丹子》之上,显示了杂史小说的艺术进步。《飞燕外传》成书于东汉末年至三国间。作者在《西京杂记》和《汉书》赵飞燕本传提供的历史轮廓基础上,敷以丰富深微的虚构与想象,作成这部情节生动、洞见人性、寓含着深沉历史感喟的奇文。誉之为“传奇之首”是一个并不为过的评价。最后简要论述了两汉其他杂史小说,有《方士传》、《东方朔传》、《列士传》、《孝子传》、《樊英别传》等。第八章《汉代赋体小说》,论列了《神乌傅》、《首阳山赋》、《髑髅赋》以及白话赋《僮约》、《责须髯奴辞》等。《神乌傅》属于文人赋作。该赋的主旨,意在说明神乌应当弃利避害、全身而存的教训,表达了一种消极的处世哲学和人生观念。该赋是一篇比较典型的赋体小说,具有重要的文学史意义。杜笃《首阳山赋》和张衡《髑髅赋》属于赋体志怪小说。王褒《僮约》和《责须髯奴辞》、蔡邕《短人赋》属于白话赋体小说,近于笑话的性质。第九章《汉代小说的历史成就、地位和影响》。本章认为,汉代志怪、轶事、杂史和赋体小说均得长足发展,自成一家。汉代小说开启了魏晋六朝小说发展与繁荣之端,为魏晋六朝以至明清小说的编撰与创作提供了丰厚的艺术滋养。汉代是中国小说史上的一个重要阶段,是审视、描述中国小说史时绝不可忽略的一大环节。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis is composed of 9 chapters; the main content of each chapter is as followed.The first chapter is the brief introduction, which is to introduce the research about the novels in Han Dynasty and to illustrate the research scope and the methodology of this thesis.Chapter 2, Culture and Novel in Han Dynasty, is to probe into the cultural facts that lead to the development of the novels in this dynasty from the views of religion, education, historical literature.Alchemists in Han Dynasty made up the fairy story, which is an important fact that stimulants the creation of the monstrous works. Prophetic-mixed divinity is an important fact that accretes not only the developments of the monstrous works, but also that of the prophetic-mixed novels. Other religions like Tai Shan management of the ghost, and Wu Xing theory also exerts great influence on the developments of the monstrous works. Therefore, the monstrous novels in Han Dynasty can mostly reflect the religious belief of the Han people. Remarkable progress was made in the field of culture and education of Han Dynasty, which became a positive stimulation of the novel development. First, the officials paid great attention to the collection and reservation of the books, which prompted the development of the novel creation: a, a lot of novels in pre-Qin period were reserved, which became the reference of the novel creation in Han Dynasty; b, a lot of classical works of pre-Qin period were found during the process of the book reservation and collection, which became the main source of the novels in Han Dynasty; c, a lot of novels of Han Dynasty were also reserved by the government, which also became a positive stimulation of the novel creation. Second, the study of Confucian classics and Hong Du Men Xue (the name of a school) cultivated a lot of talents, who became the main body of the novel creation in Han Dynasty; the study of Confucian classics incited various historical stories to explain the Confucian classics, the students from Hong Du Men Xue took efforts in the novel creation, which also contributed a lot to the development of the novel.The above all are the external facts that influence the development of the novel in Han Dynasty. In terms of the internal facts, the historical literature and ode contributed a lot to the development of the novels. For example, in Shi Ji and Han Shu, the novel tendency of the biography provided a reference for the character description. These two books promoted the prosperity of the unofficial history record. A series of unofficial history novels like Lie Nv Zhuan, Yue Jue Shu, Wu Yue Chun Qiu, and Fei Yan Wai Zhuan came out. The ode of the Han Dynasty had the features of making up the imaginary stories, narrative, and plot portfolio, which helped to communicate the relationship between the ode and the novel. A certain part of the odes, with its strong narrative, and plot portfolio features, became the members of the novels.Chapter 3, the Origin and Change of Novels in Han Dynasty, is to make a diachronic study of the historical origin and the development of the novels in Han Dynasty.The novels in Han Dynasty are the heritage and the development of the novels in Warring States. There exit successive relationship between the two in terms of the subjects, compilation and genre. Shan Hai Jing had the greatest influence on the monstrous novels in Han Dynasty. Yan Zi Chun Qiu and Han Feizi·Shuo Lin (the essay Shuo Lin in the book Han Feizi) also exerted great influence on the novels of this time.The development of the novels undertook three main periods in Han Dynasty. The first few years and the middle period of the West-Han Dynasty is the rising of the novel, during which came the first peak of the novel creation. The late period of West-Han and middle East-Han witnessed the prosperity of the novels. During this period, there emerged two important novelists Liu Xiang and Liu Xin. The first was the creation quantity peak, while the latter, with his famous work Xi Jing Za Ji, symbolized the art peak. Both of them are the top novelists in Han Dynasty. Besides, this period also witnessed the great achievement of the novels of Han. The late period of East-Han is the transformation period from the novels of Han to Wei Jin Six Dynasties. Not only the monster works but also the anecdotal novels have got the size and the verve of the novels of Wei Jin Six Dynasties, which means the coming of a new period for the novel development.The end part of this chapter is to discuss the classification of the novels in Han. There are totally for classies, the monster novels, the anecdotal novels, nonofficial novels and the ode-like novels.Chapter 4, the Monster Novels ( the first part), is to discuss Lie Xian Zhuan, Shen Yi Jing, Shi Zhou Ji, Shu Wang Ben Ji, Story of Han Wu, Yi Wen Ji and Feng Su Tong Yi.Lie Xian Zhuan was composed in the period of emperor Han Ling and Han Xian, and was titled in Liu Xiang. The current version Lie Xian Zhuan is different, in terms of the content, with which quoted by Ying Shao. But as for the stories in the book, the current version mostly reserved the original version in Han Dynasty, which is not quite related with the successive version. Lie Xian Zhuan initiated some literature motives, which was the main contribution of this work.Shen Yi Jing and Shi Zhou Ji are the geographical novels among the monster works of Han. Shen Yi Jing showed a certain moral and life-like feature, which is very unique among the works of the same category in Han. The main achievement of Shi Zhou Ji is shown in the field of the art, first, it created a splendid palace and a fairy world with strict classes, which also offers a reference for the fair world depiction in the novel creation. Second, the words are ode-like and artistical.Shu Wang Ben Ji and Story of Han Wu is the nonofficial monstrous novels. Shu Wang Ben Ji was composed when the author was in Shu District, which reflected the development history of mulberry silkworm rearing in this district and the dream of the residents here to battle with the nature and to communicate with the outside world. Besides, it reflected the aesthetic features of tragic beauty and majestic beauty of the ancient time myth in China. Story of Han Wu was finished in the time of East-Han Emperor Xian. The writer is a talent who has witnessed the wane of the Han Dynasty, but also held the hope for the power of Han governors. Story of Han Wu is biographic, and of long text structure.Yi Wen Ji and Feng Su Tong Yi belong to the miscellanea monstrous works. Yi Wen Ji marked the birth of the miscellanea monstrous works. Works like these firstly have the advantage of being free to draw materials, and it also showed the wide learning, therefore they got the special attention of the talents. There are a lot of monstrous stories in Zheng Shi, Guai Shen and Si Dian of Feng Su Tong Yi, which first collected all the images together in one book, like fairy, ghost and monster. In terms of the subject, the monstrous stories in books like Yi Wen Ji embodied a certain vivid life breath, which marked the transformation for the monstrous novels to Wei Jin Six Dynasties in terms of the thought and ideas.Chapter 5, the Monster Novels of Han Dynasty ( the second part), is to mainly analyze the prophetic-mixed novels.The prophetic-mixed novels are classified into three categories:first, is the myths of the emperors; second is the geographical stories; the third is the myths of Xi Wangmu. The number of the emperor’s myths is the largest, which composed the main body of the prophetic-mixed novels. The artistic features of prophetic-mixed novels are: first, the birth and the image of the protagonist in such myths are apotheosized; second, the character is typical; third, the author created splendid wild world; fourth, it embodied the spirit of governing the universe. The prophetic-mixed novels have great influence on the literature of the latter time. First, it became an important material source of the geographical novels in Wei Jin Six Dynasties. Second, it initiated and developed some interesting motives, such as human beings becoming a tiger, or apotheosized birth.This chapter took He Tu Kuo Di Xiang as a special case to study the prophetic-mixed novels. He Tu Kuo Di Xiang, abbreviated as Kuo Di Tu, the two actually are the same book with just different names. Influenced by Shan Haijing, the book is of strong geographical features. Compared with Shan Haijing, the narration of the story is vivid, readable and imaginary. Chapter 6 Anecdote Novel of Han Dynasty mainly lists and discusses such cantos as Han Shi Wai Zhuan, Xin Xu, Shuo Yuan, Xi Jing Za Ji, Yanli, Guoyu in Feng Su Tong Yi. Liu Xiang’s works Bai Jia and Shi Shuo which have been lost are also examined and argued in this chapter.Han Shi Wai Zhuan is a collection of history stories, most of which are stories of the pre-Qin Dynasty. So it is full of literary flavor. One of the most distinctive characteristics in its content is that most of the stories are about issues on loyalty, filialness, and bravery and so on. This book has an impact on Liu Xiang’s Xin Xu, Shuo Yuan and Biographies of Women.Xin Xu and Shuo Yuan collect and compile the history stories of the pre-Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty by category. These two books were really written by Liu Xiang. These two books include five aspects, is: principle of the Kings, ways of the subjects, significance of the righteous man, opinion of common people, and exemplary conduct of eminent women. In morphological feature, on one hand, it resembles both philosophical works and history; on the other hand, it resembles neither. This is determined by Liu Xiang’s intention that writing is for expostulation. Viewing from the aspect of fiction history, this also has a strong fiction flavor. They initiate the book arrangement mode of classifying the stories according to themes, which is the beginning of narrating according to category, such as Sou Shen Ji and Shi Shuo Xin Yu; some stories in the two books are the resources of traditional opera in the later time.Liu Xiang’s work Bai Jia is a collection of stories of anecdotes and mythical stories; Shi Shuo is a collection of history stories, which has the same characteristics as Xin Xu, Shuo Yuan, and Biographies of Women. There are still two pieces of lost works existing.The Xi Jing Za Ji first analyzes the arguments about the five possible authors of this book: Liu Xin, Ge Hong, Wu Jun, Xiao Ben, and the Nameless. Among them, the arguments that Wu Jun or Xiao Ben is the author can not be taken as evidence. The other three augments are all born in Tang dynasty. And then, interpretation on Ge Hong’s Postscript of Xi Jing Za Ji is done all over again and come to the conclusion that was written by Liu Xin and transcribed and sorted out by Ge Hong. The content of the anecdotes are especially perfect, some of which even show the same artistic charming as that of Shishuo Xinyu, and some which also reveal the trend of natural science.Feng Su Tong Yi collects considerable quantity of anecdote novels. The content includes four aspects: first, anecdotes and episodes of scholars in East-Han Dynasty; second, fantastic lawsuit stories; third, partings and reunions---vicissitudes of life; fourth, funny news and episodes. The plots of these stories are elaborately conceived with succinct words, which have a certain impact on Shishuo Xinyu, jokes of Wei-jin Dynasty, and lawsuit novels. Book of Rites·Tangong mainly collects some short and concise stories in the mode of dialogues. Those stories are all readable anecdote novels.Unofficial Histories and Novels of Han Dynasty in chapter 7 mainly introduced Yan Dan Zi, Biographies of Outstanding Women, Yue Jue Shu, Annals of Wu and Yue, the story of Nie Zheng stabbing the King of Han in Qin Cao, Private Life of Lady Fei Yan, etc.Yan Dan Zi was finished in Qin and Han Dynasties. The image of Yan Dan is a noble young man who handles things by emotion rather than by the mind. He is eager to pursue undertakings and achievements, and neglectful of politics and military strategies. However, he received much sympathy by his brave vengeance on the atrocious Qin. Therefore, the image of Yan Dan is full of the charm of tragedy. Jing Ke is the earliest swordsman image in Chinese novel history. The revenge theme of Yan Dan Zi has exerted influence on Yue Jue Shu, Annals of Wu and Yue, etc.The author of Biographies of Outstanding Women is Liu Xiang. The book was finished during the Yongshi Reign when Emperor Han Cheng was on the throne. The main content is wonderful words and good behavior which are of educational meanings of virtuous and chaste women, and statements and actions of concubines spoiled by emperors which could bring disaster to the country. The book is very detailed in its content and distinct in its characters which enlightened the entry selection of various miscellaneous biographies in the period of Late-Han-to-Weijin Dynasties.Yue Jue Shu is compiled and revised by Yuan Kang and Wu Ping according to the old anecdotes of the wars between the kingdom of Wu and Yue. It was finished in the first few years of the East-Han Dynasty. Centered on the wars between Wu and Yue, the book refers to events happened during, before and after the wars to form a loose story system which can be treated as a collection of short stories. Yue Jue Shu is rich of the atmosphere of a novel and its structure holds sublime words with deep meaning which shows the observing basis of Zhao Ye of being courtly toward the whole world, and his profound thinking on the history of the wars. Being rich of the atmosphere of a novel, the book has the characteristics of legends and romances, and puts emphasis on character-portrayal. Many characters such as Wu Zixu, Gou Jian and others are shaped in this book which is regarded as the forerunner of the romantic novels of Chinese history.The story of Nie Zheng stabbing the King of Han in Qin Cao was largely fixed in the middle of the East-Han Dynasty and was related to historical facts. But its main content was invented by the author who added much imaginary content in the story and created impaler Nie Zheng. As for artistic standards, this book is better than Yan Dan Zi and represents the improvement of fiction artistry.Private Life of Lady Fei Yan was finished in a period between last years of the East-Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms. Based on the historical framework provided by Xi Jing Za Ji by Liu Xin and Private Life of Zhao Fei Yan in Han Shu by Ban Gu, the author added some abundant, profound and subtle imaginary content to finally complete this remarkable writing with vivid plots, insight into personalities and implications of deep historical emotion.The last chapter briefly introduced other miscellaneous historical novels in Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties, such as The Biology of Alchemists, The Biology of Dongfang Shuo, The Biology of Lie Shi, The Biology of Filiai Sons, etc.Rhapsody Style Novels in the Han Dynasty in chapter 8 mainly discusses Shen-wu-fu, Shou-yang-shan-fu, Du-lou-fu, and colloquial fus, such as Tong Yue, Ze-xu-ran-nu-ci, etc.Shen-wu-fu belongs to story fus and is a work of literators. The theme of the fu is contained in the ending. It wanted to show the implicit sense that the raven should give up benefits to avoid destroy, and therefore, survive itself. This fu is a typical fu novel and is of great literature and novel historical significance. Shou-yang-shan-fu by Du Du and Du-lou-fu by Zhang Heng belong to rhapsody style novels. Tong Yue and Ze-xu-ran-nu-ci by Wang Bao and Duan-ren-fu by Cai Yong belong to colloquial fus.Historical Achievements, Status and Influence of Han Novels in chapter 9 introduces the historical achievements, status, influence, and related content of Han novels. The prosperity of novels in Wei-Jin Times and the Six Dynasties marks the first climax in the development of ancient Chinese novels which is based on the development of Han novels. The historical basis and influence of Han novels are all can be observed in novels of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, and other dynasties. Therefore, Han is a critical link in the observation and description of Chinese novel history, an important stage in the development of China novels and is of great value and significance as it is a source for many developments.更多还原