台湾地区政党体制的演变

【作者】 孙俐俐；

【导师】 高新民；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 中共党史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 政党体制就是以政党相互作用、并以这种相互作用的体系为特征的政治体制。主要是指有机会赢得政权或参与政权的政党之间的关系。国民党脱胎于半殖民地半封建社会,深受中国传统政治文化影响。国民党退台后,长期实行一党专制的党国体制,垄断着政治资源和政治权力。20世纪80年代后,台湾开始政治转型。伴随着在野势力的崛起,以及国民党实行“党务革新”和推动“宪政改革”,以选举竞争和政治制衡为主要内涵的西方民主政治形式的政党政治,开始成为台湾政治运作的主要形态,不仅打破了原有的政治权力和资源分配格局,也促使朝野各政党之间的关系发生了重大变化。1949年后的台湾政党体制一直处在演变之中,从没有反对党存在的一党专制,到主要反对党民进党挑战国民党一党独大,再到没有任何一党能在“立法院”和“总统”选举中占绝对对数的多党竞争时代,再到2001年后“泛蓝”、“泛绿”两大阵营形成,尤其“立法院”选举实行单一选区两票制后,台湾政党有走向两党制的趋向。台湾政党体制在形成过程中,由于台湾特殊的历史过程,受到“宪政”改革、国家认同、省籍矛盾、族群政治等影响,有着强烈的特殊性。同时,台湾政党政治虽然源于西方政党政治,但毕竟推动了台湾民主的发展。在政党体制的演变过程中,有许多政党所面临的共同的问题,例如经济发展,民众民主意识提高,引起政治参与扩大,经济基础的变革对政治体制的冲击,等等,作为一个执政党应该如何应对和引导,有很多教训需要汲取。从政党文化角度看,台湾历史文化与大陆同根同源,同属于东亚的儒家文化圈,政党发展有教训需要汲取,也有经验值得借鉴。因此,台湾政党体制是个值得深入研究、既有学术价值又有现实意义的重大课题。论文分为导论、正文、结语三个部分。导论阐述了政党、政党体制的相关概念、理论框架,提出选题的意义,概述了国内外对台湾研究的现状,论文的创新之处与研究方法。正文分为五章:第一章:台湾一党专制的“党国体制”。以历史资料为依据,充分研究了国民党迁台后在台湾的独裁统治,总结了国民党“以党领政”的体制特点。按照萨托利的理论分析,明确了党国体制的特征,认为此阶段的政治体制属于一党专制的“党国体制”,并进一步分析了国民党在台湾实行“党国体制”的历史根源。第二章:“党国体制”的转型。主要从台湾政治、经济、外部环境和国民党的本土化等几个方面介绍“党国体制”转型的背景,“政治革新”的启动及民进党的成立对台湾政党体制的影响。第三章:国民党一党主导体制。本章主要从三个角度梳理了国民党在1986年“政治革新”到2000年政党轮替期间的政党体制演变过程。一是通过政党在“立法院”和“总统”选举中的政治博弈来观察政党之间的力量对比和对政党体制的影响;二是历史地梳理了“宪政”改革中政党之间的博弈和互动,及历次“宪政”改革对台湾政治和政党体制的影响;三是国民党内部发生的变化对台湾政党体制演变的影响。第四章:两次政党轮替——走向两党制?本章主要通过20004年和2008年台湾“总统”大选,“泛蓝”和“泛绿”两大阵营的形成,探讨台湾政党体制走向两党制的趋势。第五章:台湾政党体制形成的特点。主要探讨国家认同、省籍矛盾、选举制度等几个因素对台湾政党体制形成产生的影响,并得出几点启示。结语部分简要总结台湾政党体制形成的过程与特点,并对台湾政党体制的发展趋向作出预测。更多还原

【Abstract】 Party system is a kind of political system characterized by party interactions, which mainly refers to the relationship between the parties that have chance to win the power/leadership or participate in power/leadership.Kuo Min Tang (KMT) originated from the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and is deeply influenced by China’s traditional politics and culture. After the KMT lost its power, it practices one-party authoritarian and the party-state system, monopolizing political resources and power. After the 1980s, Party system transformation started in Taiwan. With the rising of the out-power party, together with the“Party Revolution”and“Constitutional Revolution”practiced and promoted by KMT, the party politics, with election competition and political balance as the main contents, which takes the form of western democracy politics, became the major form for Taiwan politics operation. This not only breaks the original politics power and resources allocation framework, but also leads to major changes to the relationships among the ruling party and out-power parties.In the process of its shaping and growth, Taiwan party politics get strong characteristics due to Taiwan’s special history background and evolution, as well as the impacts from constitutional reform, national identity, inter-province conflicts, ethnic group politics etc. However, Taiwan party politics eventually has promoted democracy in Taiwan, though in the form of western party politics. In the process of party system evolution, many parties face similar problems, such as economic development, the rising of the people’s democracy awareness and wider political involvement, the impact of economic reform to political system etc. In terms of how to address and guide these issues, there are a lot of lessons for a ruling party to learn from Taiwan party politics. From the perspective of party culture, Taiwan’s shares the same root and source with the Mainland in history and culture, so it’s undeniable that Taiwan party politics provide a lot of experiences to borrow too.Taiwan is a part of China. Though Taiwan’s democracy may not be labeled an example for any ethnic Chinese society, it established a special case where a party gains the power through political election. Therefore, Taiwan party system is a topic worthy of study, which is also a sensitive major topic with both academic value and cotemporary significance.This dissertation consists of introduction, text and conclusion remarks.The introduction includes: (1) the significance of the topic; (2) an introduction of current status of Taiwan study, both at home and abroad; (3) the theory basis and research method of this thesis, as well as new point of views presented in the dissertation.The text is composed of five chapters:Chapter I: Taiwan’s“Party-State System”under One-Party Monopoly Ruling. Based on the history and information, this part studies the KMT dictatorship after KMT moved/escaped to Taiwan, and outlines the features of the“party-leading-government”system; based on Giovanni Satori’s theory, it defines the characteristics of the party-state system, and believes that the political system of that period is categorized as“party-state system”under one-party monopoly ruling Further, it analyzes why it was necessary to practice such system at that special time of history.Chapter II: The Transformation of“Party-State System”. It mainly introduces the background for the“Party-State System”transformation, including Taiwan politics, economics, external and internal factors, the emergence of“Politics Revolution”, and the impact and significance of the establishment of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) to Taiwan party system.Chapter III: The KMT-Dominated System. This chapter streamlines from three different angles the KMT’s party system evolution during 1986’s“Politics Revolution”to the ruling party alternative in 2000.Chapter IV: Two Rounds of Party Alternative– Towards Two-Party System? By analyzing the 2004 and 2008 Taiwan“president”elections, and the two coalitions of“Pan-Blue”and“Pan-Green”, this chapter mainly discusses and predicts the trend of Two-Party system for the Taiwan party system.Chapter V: The Features of Taiwan Party System Shaping/Evolution. This part mainly discusses and probes the impacts caused by national identity, inter-province conflict,“constitutional”revolution, election system to the shaping/evolution of Taiwan’s party system.更多还原