发展风险的哲学审视

【作者】 袁初明；

【导师】 庞元正；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 发展是当今时代的主题,从风险的角度来研究发展问题是一个全新的理论视角。西方学者吉登斯、贝克等提出风险社会理论,引起学界对风险问题的关注。但是西方风险社会理论主要是针对西方国家在构建现代性过程中出现的负面后果的一种反思,关于风险防范的论述还有待完善,而且与我国目前的现实发展状况联系不太紧密,因此,在全球化的时代背景下,结合我国具体社会历史条件,以马克思主义世界观方法论为指导,借鉴西方风险社会理论,探讨我国社会发展过程中风险产生根源、风险演变机理、风险防范等现实问题,对于增强风险意识、忧患意识,对于防范风险、化解风险都具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文以风险概念和发展概念为理论出发点,在对两者进行概念界定的基础上,提出发展风险概念。在此基础上,研究风险与发展的关系,主要从两方面来加以阐发:一是发展如何造成风险的产生;二是风险对发展可能造成什么影响。在发展风险的产生根源上,首先从唯物辩证法的基本范畴出发,研究风险产生的内在本质根源;接着论述发展理念、发展动力、发展方式以及发展的时空压缩时代背景与风险产生的内在联系。在风险可能对发展产生的影响上,主要论述了危机和机遇与发展风险的关系,着力研究风险转化为危机以及风险转变为机遇的内在机理,探求风险演变的规律。最后,从主客观两方面来解析应对风险的措施。基于以上的分析理路,本文的基本框架如下:引言:主要从发展风险提出的时代背景出发,探讨发展风险提出的理论意义和实践意义,对国内外风险研究现状进行综述,在此基础上提出本文研究主要采用的方法。第一章“风险与发展的概念分析”,首先从词源学角度考察风险概念产生来源,然后概括风险在经济学、社会学、文化人类学等学科领域的基本内涵,并对风险与不确定性的关系进行辨析,在此基础上,从哲学的角度对风险进行定义。接着对哲学意义上的发展内涵以及发展理论意义上的发展含义进行阐述。在此基础上,提出发展风险概念,论述风险的特征,辨析风险与现代性、后现代性之间的逻辑关系。最后阐述发展风险对于我国现代化建设的意义。第二章“发展风险类型及辩证考察”,对风险分类的意义进行了论述,并对目前几种风险的分类方法进行了分析。然后从发展理论的角度把风险分为政治风险、经济风险、社会风险、生态风险、文化风险,并从理论和实践两方面对这几种风险加以论述。最后从唯物辩证法的几个基本范畴和时间与空间的角度来看待风险。第三章“发展风险成因探究”,从发展理论的视角,阐述发展理念、发展动力、发展方式、时空压缩时代背景与风险产生之间的关系,分析发展风险产生根源之所在。第四章“发展风险与危机”,首先对危机进行概念界定,就危机的定义、特征,危机与风险、危机与危害的关系进行论述。接着论述发展风险可能引发的能源危机、社会危机、金融危机、生态危机、文化危机。最后分析风险可能转化为危机的原因,认为导致风险转化为危机的原因可能包括:首先是认识上的错误,其次是技术进步的负面作用,再次是机制的不健全,另外,主体的缺位与错位也是原因之一。第五章“发展风险与发展机遇”,对机遇的内涵、特征进行论述,辨析机遇与风险的关系。风险孕育着机遇,但是风险要转化为机遇还需要各种主客观条件。最后对风险转化为机遇的方法进行阐述,认为风险要转化为机遇,首先要提高识别和抵御风险的能力,其次要提高趋利避害的能力,再次要善于利用和化解矛盾,最后要以风险压力来激发民族凝聚力。第六章“正确应对发展风险”,提出应对风险的三个方面:一是树立风险意识,在对风险进行科学认识的基础上,要培养危机意识、忧患意识、预见意识,以及尊重科学的意识。二是要研究风险规律,我们要研究风险产生、发展、与消亡的规律,要研究风险与发展相互作用的规律,还要研究风险与危机、风险与机遇之间相互转化的规律。三是要提高驾驭风险的能力,既要积极防范风险,又要善于规避风险,最后还要勇于挑战风险。结束语,提出发展风险研究需要解决的几个问题,就本文在研究过程中得出的几点结论进行归纳。指出本文研究的不足之处,并对相关的后续理论研究作出一定的展望。本文的创新之处:一、本选题角度新颖,具有一定的理论价值和现实意义,特别在当前世界金融危机爆发的的国际国内社会背景下更加彰显选题的时代感与针对性。二、提出发展风险概念,力图建构探究发展风险的理论框架。西方风险社会理论是针对现代性出现的负面后果而提出的,本文针对发展中国家现代化进程中出现的负面后果而提出发展风险概念,并且结合我国的实际情况,研究发展理念、发展动力、发展方式以及发展的时空压缩背景与风险产生的内在联系。三、从唯物辩证法的基本范畴,如原因与结果、可能性与现实性、偶然性与必然性等出发,研究风险产生的内在本质根源,力图把辩证法引入发展风险研究之中。四、对风险与危机、风险与机遇之间的转化进行了初步研究,提出了一些新观点、新见解。由于本文涉及的领域比较广泛,需要具备比较宽广的知识背景,特别是本人研究水平有限,论文还存在不足之处,在一些观点的论述上还不够深入透彻,论文的理论框架还需要进一步完善。更多还原

【Abstract】 Development is the theme of the contemporary era, and from the angle of risk researching development is a brand-new theoretical perspective.Western scholars Giddens, Beck etc. advanced the theory of risk society, arousing the academic circles to concern the risk issues.However, the theory of Western social risk is mainly a reflection aiming at problems appearing in the process of Western countries building a modern society, not be able to put forward practical measures to prevent risks, but also the reality of China’s development does not coincide, therefore, the context of an era of globalization, combined with China’s specific social and historical conditions, risk theory of Marxism as a guide, Reference the risk of social theory from the West to explore practical problems such as the risk of the development process of our causes, the risk of the evolution of the mechanism, and risk prevention, this takes on an important sense of theoretical and practical.According to the concept of risk and development, and basing on the boundary of the two concepts, this paper put forward the concept of development risk.On this basis, the study of the relationship between risk and development mainly included two parts: First, how the development arouse emergence of a risk; Second, what effect the risk may have on the development.On the root of development risk, this paper firstly studied the spring of risk occurring according to several areas of materialist dialectics, and then discussed development concept, development impetus, development manners and era background of the time-space compression of development, and the inherent relation of causing risk. Under the probable impact of risk have on development, it mainly discussed relationship of crisis and opportunity, and relationship of crisis and development risk, and focused on researching inherent mechanism of risks turning into crisis and risks turning into opportunities, and explored the rule of risks evolvement. Finally, it analyzed measures coping with risks from both subjective and objective factors.Based on the above logic of analysis, the basic framework of this paper is as follows:Introduction: It mainly started from the times background when risks developed to explore theoretical and practical significance the development risk , On this basis,and summarized actuality of risk study at home and abroad ,and methods were put forward.Chapter I: The concept analysis of risk and development. First of all, inspection the origin of risk concept from the etymology study , Then summary risk in discipline domain and so on economic, sociology, cultural anthropology basic connotations, And then analyzed the relationship of risk and uncertainty, In this foundation, carries on the definition from the philosophy angle to the risk.Then carries on the elaboration to in the philosophy significance development connotation as well as in the development theory significance development meaning.In this foundation, puts forward the development risk concept, the elaboration risk characteristic, after the discrimination logical relations among risk and the modernity, Postmodernity.Finally described the meaning of development risk and the construct of China’s modernization.Chapter II: The type and Dialectical inspection of development risk. The significance of risk classification were discussed, and the current several classific methods of risk were analyzed, and then risks were divided into political risk, economic risk, social risk, ecological risk, cultural risk from the perspective of development. And elaborate these kinds of risks from two aspects both the theory and practices.Finally regards the risk from materialistic dialectics several basic categories and the time and the spatial angles.Chapter III: cause investigation of development risk. From the perspective of development theory, elaborate the relation between the causes of risk and the development concept, the development power, development mode, time background of space-time compression, and the origin of risk were described.Chapter IV: Development risk and crisis. First of all, crisis was defined, carry on the elaboration about the definitions and characteristics of Crisis, the crisis and the risk, the crisis and the harm relations.Then elaborates the energy crisis, the social crisis, the financial crisis, the ecology crisis, the cultural crisis which the development risk possibly initiates. The causes of the risk turning into crisis was then analyzed, The causes the risk to transform as the crisis reason possibly includes: First is misunderstanding on risk , next is the technology advancement negative function, once more reason is Unsound machine-made, moreover, the main body vacancy and the dislocation also is one of reasons. Chapter V: development risks and opportunities. To the opportunity connotation, the characteristic carry on the elaboration, the discrimination opportunity and the risk relations.The risk is breeding the opportunity, but the risk must transform as the opportunity also needs each kind of subjective and objective condition.Finally transforms to the risk for the opportunity method carries on the elaboration, if we want the risk transform to the opportunity, we should enhance distinguishes and resists the risk ability firstly, nextly,we must sharpen ability which makes use of favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable conditions, and we must be good at once more using and the melt contradiction, finally we must stimulate the national cohesion by the risk pressure.Chapter VI: The correct response to the development risk.Advancing the three aspects of coping with risks, the first one was setting risk awareness,it is necessary to cultivate a sense of crisis and sense of urgency, awareness of the foreseeable, as well as a sense of respect for science on the base ofScientific understanding of risk. The second is to study the risk of the law, we have to study the risk of the emergence, development, and the demise of the law, it is necessary to study the interaction of risk and the development, we should also study the risks and crises into opportunities between the patterns. The third is to enhance the ability to manage risk, it is necessary to guard against the risk of a positive, and good to avoid risks, but also the courage to challenge the final risk.Conclusions: put forward several issuesneed need to solve during the study the development risk, summary the conclusions drew on the course of the study. This paper points out the inadequacy of the theory and research .In this paper, take a certain outlook related to the follow-up research.Innovation of this article: First, subjects had a certain theoretical value and reality significance, especially under the international society backdrop of frequency of the current financial crisis, selecting subjects reinforced the strong sense of the times. Second, put forward the concept of development risk. Explore the relationship between development and the risks, and researches the inherent relationships of development concepts, development power, development manners and the background of space-time compression of development and risks arising combining the actual situation of our country. Thirdly, from the few areas of materialistic dialectics (the reasons and results, the possibility and reality, the chance and necessity), the inherent root causes of risks arising were studied. Fourthly, start the initial research out transformation between the risks and crisis, and make a number of own views.In this paper, as a result of the areas more extensive, requiring a wider knowledge of the background, in particular the level of my study is limited, some discussion is not enough. Theoretical framework of the paper needs to be further improved, there were also inadequate parts.更多还原