市场秩序基础理论的哲学审视

【作者】 刘希良；

【导师】 董德刚；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 市场秩序不仅是当前经济社会发展的一个重大的现实问题,也是一个理论热点问题。然而,当前国内理论界对市场秩序的研究基本上处于一种分散的状态,缺乏从哲学上进行整体的宏观的把握。有鉴于此,本文站在马克思主义的立场上,运用马克思主义哲学的基本原理和基本方法,对市场秩序的基础理论进行哲学考察和分析,并结合这些考察和分析研究如何从整体上形塑我国社会主义市场秩序,以期为我国经济社会的科学发展和社会主义和谐社会的构建提供理论资源。本文分为引言和正文。引言主要回答为什么要研究市场秩序,什么是市场秩序,怎么样研究市场秩序,以及研究市场秩序有什么意义。本文认为,无论是从现实还是从理论上来看,对市场秩序特别是其中的基础理论进行哲学审视都具有重要的意义。本文提出,从哲学上看,市场秩序是市场经济的合理化制度化和现代化,是市场主体合规则的求价值的一种有序的活动状态。市场秩序的基础理论主要分为神圣力学范式的市场秩序理论、知识进化范式的市场秩序理论和社会发展范式的市场秩序理论。对市场秩序的哲学考察应当坚持马克思主义并综合利用现有的研究成果。市场秩序的这种研究将有利于我国经济社会的科学发展和社会主义和谐社会的构建。正文共分为五章。第一章简要地考察西方秩序思想的理论渊源,包括古希腊早期的秩序思想、古希腊中期的秩序思想、古希腊晚期的秩序思想以及西方中世纪时期的秩序思想,重点从哲学上探究秩序思想在西方古代的演变及对其后市场秩序思想可能的影响。本文认为,古希腊早期的秩序思想集中体现在当时的自然哲学中,是一种自然秩序思想。这种自然秩序思想在经过苏格拉底的批判以后,演变成了社会秩序思想。在古希腊中期的秩序思想中,社会秩序思想集中体现在以柏拉图的正义论秩序思想和亚里士多德的幸福论秩序思想为代表的人为秩序思想中。之后,这些人为秩序思想逐渐被消解,从而产生了具有悲观色彩的伊壁鸠鲁和斯多亚派的秩序思想。最后,经过西塞罗的过渡,人为秩序思想演变成了中世纪的神权秩序思想。西方古代的这些秩序思想为之后秩序思想的形成提供了思想资源,同时蕴含着内在的否定因素。第二章考察以斯密为代表的神圣力学范式的市场秩序理论,即近代资本主义市场秩序思想。本文认为,近代市场秩序思想发端于文艺复兴运动,历经宗教改革运动和英国资产阶级革命,到亚当?斯密那里基本形成。其后,经过其他古典经济学家的努力和“边际革命”,直到以马歇尔为代表的新古典经济学的“经济人”假设,它才最终完成。近代市场秩序思想是一种以亚当?斯密的市场秩序理论为代表的神圣力学范式的市场秩序理论。之所以如此,主要是因为它一方面具有神学色彩,另一方面又带有明显的牛顿力学特征。它的核心教义是自由放任。它基本上是一种自然秩序思想。第三章考察以哈耶克为代表的知识进化范式的市场秩序理论,即现代资本主义市场秩序思想。本文认为,随着20世纪的到来,神圣力学范式的市场秩序理论不仅在实践中遭到了失败,而且受到了马克思主义和市场失灵理论的批判和攻击,从而出现了危机。市场失灵理论可分为广义的和狭义的市场失灵理论。前者主要包括制度学派和凯恩斯主义的理论,后者包括外部性理论和不完全竞争理论等多种。以哈耶克为代表的知识进化范式的市场秩序理论就是解救这种危机的产物。哈耶克集中从知识进化的角度对神圣力学范式的市场秩序理论的核心教义作了新的论证。他的市场秩序理论主要是一种自发秩序思想。这种思想除了坚持自由放任这一核心教义以外,也吸收和采纳了市场失灵理论的一些思想,强化了市场经济的制度性,使之具有了历史色彩,并提出了一些发展和完善市场经济,形塑市场秩序的制度安排和制度设想。哈耶克市场秩序理论的核心范畴“知识”和“进化”同时也是其它现代市场秩序理论的核心,因此现代市场秩序理论整体上可称为以哈耶克为代表的知识进化范式的市场秩序理论。第四章考察以马克思为代表的社会发展范式的市场秩序理论。本文认为,资本主义市场经济一直是马克思关注的重点之一,马克思对资本主义市场经济和市场秩序作了独特而深入的研究。批判资本主义市场经济的永恒性和绝对性是马克思市场经济理论的生长点,因而在马克思那里,市场经济是人发展的一种历史形态,是高度发达的商品经济,市场秩序不过是一种自然历史秩序。由于把市场经济的发展看作一种自然历史过程,看作走向人的自由而全面发展的一个必然的历史环节,所以马克思的市场秩序理论是一种以人为本的社会发展范式的市场秩序理论。也正是基于对市场经济的这种自然历史看法,马克思对近代资本主义市场经济作了深入的批判。在此基础上,马克思立足于人的未来发展,否认资本主义经济和政治制度具有绝对的合理性和价值性,提出了在生产力高度发达、人类历史发展为世界历史的条件下,通过无产阶级革命重塑秩序,实施计划经济的制度构想。马克思的这种构想得到了列宁和斯大林的继承和发展,最后产生了高度集权的苏联计划经济秩序模式。第五章综合利用前述各章的分析,考察并具体分析如何从整体上形塑我国社会主义市场秩序。本文认为,我国社会主义市场经济体制是在全面突破苏联模式的计划经济体制的基础上形成的。这一突破在理论上主要表现为市场经济与计划经济手段论对市场经济与计划经济对立论的突破,以及生产力理论对阶级斗争“尖锐化”理论的突破。这种突破正是邓小平理论的基础和最大特色,从根本上实现了确立和发展我国社会主义市场经济的合理化,为我国市场秩序的形塑确立了前提。但是,要使我国市场经济形成良好的秩序,还必须坚持合理路径,建立和完善适应我国市场经济现代化发展的各种经济、政治、法律和精神文明制度,使各种市场主体都能自觉地在遵从各种制度的基础上从事市场活动,使市场经济的发展有利于促进社会公平正义,有利于社会的稳定和谐,有利于人民物质文化生活水平的提高,有利于人的自由而全面的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Market order is not only an important realistic problem but also a hot theoretical issue for the development of Chinese economy and society today. However, the studies of market order of Chinese theoretical circles are in a dispersed state, which means they are deficient of grasping market order from a general philosophical perspective. In view of that, this paper reviews and analyses the basic theories of market order by applying the basic principles and methods of Marxist Philosophy, and then studies how to shape Chinese socialist market order from the whole, in order to provide a theoretical resource for the scientific development of Chinese economy and society and the construction of Chinese socialist harmonious society.This paper includes the preface and the body. The preface mainly discusses why to study market order, what market order is, how to study market order, and what the significance is the study of market order. It presents that, from the perspective of philosophy, market order is the rationalization, institutionalization, and modernization of market economy, and is an orderly active state of the market subjects under rules and in pursuit of value. It holds that: the basic theories of market order can be divided into Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory, Knowledge Evolution Paradigm Market Order Theory, and Social Development Paradigm Market Order Theory; we should adhere to Marxism and comprehensively utilize current research results in the philosophical review of market order; such a study of market order will benefit the scientific development of Chinese economy and society and the construction of Chinese socialist harmonious society.The body has five chapters. The first chapter briefly reviews the theoretical sources of western thoughts of order which include thoughts of order in early ancient Greece, middle ancient Greece, late ancient Greece, and west medieval times. It focuses on the study of the evolution of thoughts of order in west ancient times from the perspective of philosophy and possibly their influence on the thoughts of market order thereafter. It holds that, the thoughts of order of early ancient Greece mainly manifests on natural philosophy of that time and hence is a kind of thought of natural order. Such thought of natural order evolved into the thought of social order after the critique by Socrates. In the thoughts of order in middle ancient Greece, the thought of social order mainly manifests on the thoughts of artificial order represented by Plato’s thought of justice order and Aristotle’s thought of happiness order. After that, such thoughts of social order disappeared and changed into pessimistic Epicurus’and Stoic thoughts of order. Finally, by the transition of Cicero, the thoughts of artificial order evolved into the thoughts of holy power order in the medieval timesThe second chapter reviews Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Adam Smith, that is, the thought of market order of modern capitalist society. It holds that, such paradigm thought of market order originated from Renaissance, proceeded with the Reformation and the British Bourgeois Revolution, and was formed by Adam Smith. Then, after the unremitting efforts of other classic economists and the“Marginal Revolution”, until Neo- Classical Economics,represented by Alfred Marshall,, put forward“homo oeconomicus”(“Economic Human”)hypothesis, such paradigm thought of market order was finalized. The reason for that this paper holds that the thought of modern market order is Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Adam Smith is that such thought has both theological color and the features of Newtonian mechanics. The core of such thought is laissez-faire, and it’s another kind of thought of nature order.The third chapter reviews Knowledge Evolution Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Hayek, that is, the contemporary capitalist market order theory. It holds that, with the coming of 20th century, Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory faced a grim crisis both because of its failure in practice and the critique and attack by Marxism and the theories of market failures.The theories of market failures can be divided into two kinds: one in a broad sense, the other in a narrow sense. The former includes such theories as those of Institution School and Keynesianism, and the latter includes such theories as Externality Theory and the Theory of Imperfect Competition. Knowledge Evolution Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Hayek is the result of rescuing such crisis. Hayek argued mainly the core doctrine of Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory from the perspective of knowledge and evolution. His theory of market order is basically the thought of spontaneous order which, beside of insisting on the core doctrine of laissez-faire, accepted and adopted some ideas of the theories of market failures, highlighted the importance of institutions for market order, and proposed some institutional arrangements and assumptions to develop and perfect market economy and shape market order. It’s because the core categories“knowledge”and“evolution”of Hayek’s theory of market order are also the kernel of other contemporary theories of market order that we so call contemporary theories of market order as Knowledge Evolution Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Hayek.The forth chapter reviews Social Development Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Marx. It holds that capitalist market economy is one of the fields that Marx focused on, and Marx deeply studied capitalist market economy and market order from a unique perspective. The growing point of Marx’s theory of market economy is to criticize the eternity and absoluteness of capitalist market economy. Therefore, form the stand of Marx, market economy is a historical form of human development and highly developed commodity economy, and market order is just a kind of natural historical order. Marx’s theory of market order is human-oriented social development paradigm market order theory because it regards the development of market economy as a natural historical process and an inevitable historical link for human’s free and all-round development. It’s also on the basis of such a perspective that Marx deeply criticized modern capitalist market economy, based on which and from the stand of human’s future development, Marx denied that capitalist economic and political system are of absolute rationality and value, and put forward an systematic conception to reshape order and implement planned economy by proletarian revolution under the conditions that productivity is highly developed and human history has developed into world history. Marx’s such conception was inherited and developed by Lenin and Stalin, and finally resulted into the highly-centralized order model of Soviet Planning Economy.The fifth chapter reviews Chinese socialist market economy and analyzes specifically how to shape Chinese socialist market order from the whole by applying the preceding analysis. It holds that Chinese socialist market economy system is the outcome of completely breaking through soviet model of planning economy system. In theory, that breakthrough manifests on two points: the theory that regards market economy and planned economy as a means broke through the theory that they are antagonistic; productivity theory broke through the theory of the“intensification”of class struggle. It’s those breakthroughs that formed the foundation and distinctive features of Deng Xiaoping’Theory, fundamentally rationalized Chinese socialist market economy, and established premises for the shaping of Chinese market order. However, in order to make Chinese market economy be in good order, we should also stick to a rational path, establish and perfect all kinds of economic, political, legal, and spiritual institutions fit for the modern development of Chinese market economy, make all market subjects consciously abide by relevant rules and regulations when doing their business, and make the development of market economy be beneficial for promoting social fairness and justice, for social stability and harmony, for the improvement of people’s living standard, and for human’s free and all-round development.更多还原