【作者】 郭磊；

【导师】 金先龙；

【作者基本信息】 上海交通大学 ， 机械设计及理论， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 在各种类型的交通碰撞事故中,汽车与自行车、摩托车等两轮车发生的碰撞事故占有较大比例,各国学者正积极开展相关方面的研究。在我国汽车与两轮车碰撞事故频繁发生,造成了大量的人员伤亡和财产损失,迫切需要大力展开这方面的事故研究和防范工作。目前,计算机仿真技术已经成为辅助事故研究分析的主要手段。事故发生的整个过程在计算机上被准确地仿真重现,解决了事故快速处理中遇到的疑难问题,为交通事故的准确鉴定提供了客观的科学依据。本文通过分析目前国内外汽车与两轮车碰撞事故的研究现状,尤其针对我国此类交通碰撞事故的实际特点,基于计算机仿真技术对汽车与自行车、摩托车等两轮车发生的碰撞事故展开研究,并结合到真实的碰撞事故进行应用。研究的主要方面包括:在两轮车骑车人仿真假人模型的研究方面,通过分析现有数值假人的建模特点和其用于对骑车人进行仿真模拟上存在的问题,根据本文研究的需要,提出组合式定制假人建模技术建立适合于两轮车碰撞事故研究的骑车人数值仿真假人。组合式骑车人数值仿真假人在将人体进行模块化的基础上,采用有限元建模方法建立详细的人体上肢生物力学模型,然后将其和多刚体身体部分进行组合装配,生成完整的数值仿真假人。该数值仿真假人模型具有较高的生物逼真度,对两轮车骑车人的模拟更加准确。在两轮车仿真模型的研究方面,本文着重于实际情况将两轮车、骑车人和路面视为一个力学耦合系统进行分析,基于此提出了人-车-路耦合系统的建模方法。在建立两轮车仿真模型时,考虑到两轮车的类型和骑车人的坐骑姿态,针对自行车和摩托车的特点分别建立了四种两轮车仿真模型,便于后续工作较为全面地展开分析。通过仿真试验确定组合式骑车人数值仿真假人的手部抓握特性,突出骑车人与两轮车之间的相互作用力,两轮车的行驶惯性和其轮胎与地面之间的耦合力,从而建立了骑车人-两轮车-路面耦合系统仿真模型。为了客观地反映出两轮车和骑车人之间运动的关联性和一致性,基于不同的仿真试验进行了分析说明。通过两轮车在不同行驶速度下与前障碍物碰撞的仿真试验,说明了骑车人的运动特点以及与两轮车的运动关联性。通过两轮车行驶动力学仿真试验,表明在侧向干扰作用力下两轮车和骑车人具有较好的运动一致性。由此从不同角度论证了在事故研究中将两轮车、骑车人和路面作为一个整体进行分析的正确性和必要性。考虑到汽车与两轮车碰撞事故发生的复杂性,本文通过仿真试验研究两轮车碰撞事故的分析方法,同时研究多种因素变化对碰撞仿真结果的影响。根据对碰撞事故中主要肇事车型的分析,建立了长头型轿车和平头型大客车仿真模型。然后,全面地分析两轮车骑车人的碰撞运动和损伤特点,能够为对真实碰撞事故的研究提供参考和指导。在上述大量研究工作的基础上,将本文研究成果用于进行真实汽车与两轮车碰撞事故的仿真研究。通过在5起真实碰撞事故上的应用,说明了事故研究的仿真分析方法,从多个角度重现了碰撞事故发生的整个过程,仿真结果与事故勘查情况符合,论证了数值模型的可靠性和研究方法的实用性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Collision accidents between vehicle and two-wheelers such as bicycles and motorcycles account for a large proportion of all kinds of traffic accidents. Scholars all over the world are now actively doing research in this field. In China, traffic accidents between vehicle and two-wheelers occur frequently, causing a large number of casualties and property loss, which brings the need to carry out relative research and prevention work urgently. Computer simulation technology is currently the major approach to assist in the analysis of collision accidents. The course of collision accidents can be reconstructed accurately on computer, which resolves the difficulties that encountered in the quick disposal of accidents, and provides objective scientific references for accurate identification of traffic accidents.Based on the analysis of the current domestic and foreign research on collision accidents between vehicle and two-wheelers, and especially taking into consideration the actual situation of such accidents in China, this paper presents the approach to study collision accidents between vehicle and two-wheelers combing with computer simulation technology, and also how to be applied in real accidents. The main research areas of this paper include:For simulation model of cyclist dummy, it is proposed that a combined custom modeling technique set up new cyclist dummy that adapts for two-wheeler collision accidents. The technique is achieved based on the analysis of modeling features of existing numerical dummy and the problems that occur when it is used to simulate the two-wheeler cyclists. The combined numerical cyclist dummy is made on basis of modularization of human body, and a detailed biomechanical model of upper limb is established by using finite element method. The upper limb model is then assembled with rigid body parts, combining them into a complete numerical dummy. This dummy has a high degree of biological resemblance, thus enhances the simulation accuracy for the two-wheeler cyclist.For simulation model of two-wheelers, this paper regards the two-wheeler, the cyclist and the road as a mechanical coupling system while emphasizing the actual situation, and proposes a human-vehicle-road coupling system modeling method. Considering different types of the two-wheeler and the riding posture, four models of the bicycle and the motorcycle are established based on their distinctive features, making it easier to carry out the following work. And the grasp features of the combined numerical cyclist dummy’s hand is determined by simulation experiments, highlighting the interaction force between the cyclist and the two-wheeler, the driving inertia of the two-wheeler, the coupling force between the tyre and the ground, and thus set up the human-vehicle-road coupling system simulation model.In order to objectively reflect the movement relevance and consistency of the two-wheeler and the cyclist, different simulation experiments are carried out. Simulation experiments that the two-wheeler with unequal speed collide with barrier show the movement characteristic of the cyclist and its relevance with the two-wheeler. Dynamic simulation experiments of the two-wheeler show the consistency of the two-wheeler and the cyclist when there is a lateral disturbance force. These results provide proof from different perspectives that it is proper and necessary for the analysis of accidents to consider the two-wheeler, the cyclist and the road as a whole.Taking into consideration the complexity of collision accidents between vehicle and two-wheelers, this paper studies the simulation method and analyzes various factors that influence the simulation result. Based on the analysis of vehicle types that cause collision accidents with the two-wheeler, simulation models of the long bonnet car and the flat front bus are set up. The movement and injury characteristics of the two-wheeler cyclist are studied by conducting a comprehensive analysis of collision course in the conditions of various factors, and provide reference and guidance for the research on the real accidents.The research result in this paper is applied to real collision accidents between vehicle and the two-wheeler on the basis of extensive research work. Through studying five real collision accidents, analysis methods according to accident situation are illustrated, and the collision course are reconstructed from multiple perspectives. The simulation results are in accordance with the investigation results of the accidents, demonstrating the reliability of numerical models and the practicability of methods presented in this paper.更多还原