【作者】 芦恒；

【导师】 田毅鹏；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 社会学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 中国的城市棚户区大多数是指那些处于贫困状态,弱势群体集中的城市社区。其贫困和衰败过程是一个复杂的结构性问题。时下单位制的弱化和消解过程则是看待这一复杂性的特殊宏观制度背景。深厚的单位制传统使得东北城市棚户区的形成过程深受单位制度变迁的影响。然而,这种因果关系往往掩盖了单位体制内部的差异性导致的城市棚户区的复杂性与特殊性。首先,从生产组织的性质来讲,单位制的主体是全民所有制的国有企业,此外还存在集体所有制企业。两者尽管都属于体制内经济,但前者不仅在生产规模、资源分配上优越于后者,在职工福利体系上也比后者完善。其次,在城市社区的形式上,一些大型国有企业在城市郊区形成“单位型社区”。国家在“单位办社会”的原则下,建立一个占地面积广大,单位福利相对完善、生活服务设施齐全、居民具有高度统一认同感的工业社区。但是,在城市内部,由多个规模较小的企业单位(多是旨在吸收城市闲散人员的集体企业)组成的“混合型社区”,其内部情况较为复杂,居民异质性较高,社区内部企业的福利体系参差不齐,居民的认同感也因此各不相同,难以形成较统一的认同感。计划经济时期单位体制内部的差异性导致了市场社会转型后城市棚户区贫困问题的复杂性和特殊性。混合型社区体现出渐进的“分化性”贫困特点。而原型为单位型社区的破产国企社区则呈现出“集体性”贫困特征。事实上,在时间上最先容易走向贫困边缘化的是这种分化性的混合社区。在“马拉松式”的分化过程中,他们导致第一轮城市贫困。而那些大型国企改制或破产导致的集体性贫困则为第二轮城市贫困。因此,政府与城市边缘社区的关系应更为紧密,其内部社会秩序的建构,并非简单地从国家剥离出社会,而是在与国家力量维持一种基于“生存伦理”的道德契约的基础上,逐步培养社区内部的自主性和公共性。以棚户区为代表的城市边缘社区的秩序建构离不开国家力量的支持,其内部秩序运作是国家和社会复杂互动的过程。政府保障边缘社区居民的基本生存保障后,再逐渐引入民间组织等社会力量培养弱势群体的自主意识和公共意识。这一过程的长期性和复杂性应是中国开展社会建设的不可回避的重要课题。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese urban slum problem is not a simple problem of poverty, but anation-state construction and modernization process, the country with the city to buildorder problem. China’s urban slums are the majority of those in poverty, vulnerablegroups are concentrated in urban communities. Communities in these cities dirty,chaotic, poor condition of the decline can not be simply attributed to the urbanpopulationand the increased complexity of staff and otherreasons, its poverty and thedecline of the process is a complex structural problem. The reason of the decline ofurban slumand poverty is complicated andvarious, and the currentChinese systemofDanwei and the weakening of the digestion process are treated this complex systemofspecial macro background, in particular, are strong in the Danwei system of thenortheastChina, Danwei systemchanges long-termand complex nature of urban slumfor understanding the formation and transformation of essential questions provide aframework forthe background.System of Danwei profound traditional north-east China makes the formation ofurban slum and the characteristics of Danwei in the system by the impact ofinstitutional change. However, this causal relationship is often the system of Danweito cover up differences within the city caused by the complexity of urban slum andparticularity. Research about the System of Danwei is often a prerequisite for theimplied assumption that the "Danwei" is a whole different, non-state power throughthe unit of social control and resource allocation is also no difference on average. Inother words, the city in the Danwei system and on society, the scholars are oftenconcerned about how to set up Danwei in order to certify that the flats are completeand comprehensive, but ithas overlooked the effectof the Danwei. Therefore, the Chinese urban slum as a "Chinese problem" lies in the uniqueposition, the formation of urban slums and order can not be separated from researchon the vertical structure of China’s modernization and Danwei study developmentprocess, it can not be separated at a horizontal angle of up , the Danwei of analysissystemof internal differences and the different units in the city caused by the effectofthe characteristics of differentcommunities and internal order.Therefore, we can draw a basic conclusion thatChina’s urban slum should notbea reason why the existence of its own to coverup the problem of poverty by specialorder, because the town between state power and society there is a delicate balance.That is, in China, there is no absolute state of society, but also there is no absoluteindependent of the society outside the country. This is in the country and society-typelong-term country-led process of modernization of the product of complexinteractions.First of all, the Danwei system to show the edge of the uniqueness of thecommunity order. In the form of urban social space, differences between Danweiwithin the system often leads to a number of different units of mixed-typecommunities. Communities with large-scale industrial Danwei as the mainbarrier-type communities, mixed communities often show a number of units in atypical system for marginalized social order. Generally manifested in the followingareas:(1) Relatively small scale of the physical space dispersion. "Mixed community"in general is located in urban areas, are some of the production of smallercommunities scattered.(2) Strong heterogeneity of the social space. In the development process ofDanwei, apart from the outskirts of town the new large-scale industrial community,the city mixed urban communities within the city unit is also an important aspect.However, such communities often show a relatively limited degree of unitcharacteristics. The region for many small and medium-sized enterprises of thestate-owned enterprises and collective enterprises, their production scale, productionequipment, personnel and technology as mandatory conditions for large-scale state-owned enterprises. Therefore, the mixed community is a sense of identity withthe non-heterogeneity of a single social space. Belong to different people because oftheir different nature and scale of enterprises, their production activities and socialinteraction is also different. In addition, the different forms of enterprises of thedifference between the welfare system, will cause the residents of mixed-typedifferences anddivision.(3) Relatively loose control of society. Mixed communities between residents andthe country a "survival ethic"based on a relatively loose control of the relationship.On the one hand, the streets - neighborhood "system to show to human relations andpersonal authority of the soft charm of control as the carrier. On the otherhand, eventhough in mixed communities, the relationship between the country and the residentsof loose, but there has to maintain a delicate "survival of the ethical"relationship. Inotherwords, the country in maintaining the basic livelihood of the residents on basicsecurity, the community will remain astable social order.(4) Ability to adapt to the diversity of external. Danwei at the institutional changesand social transition, the performance of mixed communities ability to adapt to theexternal characteristics of a more flexible. The nature of the nature of units andresidents have shown a strong heterogeneity of mixed communities, in the unit andremove loose system of social transition, start its internal differentiation.Differentiation of the differentgroups of people, in adapting to changes in the externalsystem on the problem, showing the diversity of survival strategies. In addition, thecommunity is a open area. The community will always attract large foreignpopulation living here has become alien populationentered the city the firststop.Secondly, countries in the shaping of urban slum of the importance of order.Although the existence of the units are not complete, the state is relatively looseforces, relatively independent of the society in urban communities, but it also can notbe separated from the integration of country and protection.(1) After the founding ofthe country on the brink of transformation and mobilization of communities.(2) In theprocess of social transition, the community of the shanty towns of the country theprocess of structural and institutional arrangements mustexistrelated to each other.(3) Transformation in shanty towns, squatter settlements as vulnerable residents and tomaximize the benefits of market forces encountered when the shanty town at thestability of the internal order, national forces are an essential key to strength.(4)Transformation in squatter communities in order to build the country still are anindispensable force. Transformation in urban slums, the residents would notmove-back to improve their living conditions, the automatic out of poverty status,may also result in the formation of new squatter settlements. Therefore, themove-back room of the community building community is our community considerthe move-back new order of the essential means to build. Government should putattention on these hidden in the high-rise housing of vulnerable groups, themove-back community to increase public investment in the community more jobs,improve the income of the move-back residents, fundamentally alleviate or eveneliminate the poverty status of vulnerable groups.Third, the complexity of urban society and social construction. Social construction"of "society" itself is complex, and is not no difference in the homogeneity of thecontinuum. In the social construction and social questions on the production, somescholars emphasize the "civil society" and "citizens movement" a quiet one way tomove society to cultivate autonomy and public nature. However, "civil society" and"civic movement"paradigm, including the "citizen"is not complete, the residents ofsquattersettlements city is nurturing society groups have been neglected. Even thoughthe population itself is a multi-benefits and the differentiation of groups, moredifficult to form a unified identity of the Class, and Class in the form of non-scatteredin the society. However, there is no fixed class, does not mean that society does notexist on such a group, their needs and civil rights inherent in our society shouldconsiderthe subjectof greatimportance.更多还原