【作者】 王晨野；

【导师】 汤洁；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 环境科学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 近半个世纪以来,松嫩平原的生态环境发生了显著的变化,土地盐碱化、沙化和草原退化等问题日益严重,制约了该区社会、经济和生态环境的协调发展。本文以可持续发展理论为指导,以遥感-地理信息系统技术为支撑,采用基于生态环境信息图谱、空间分析技术和元胞自动机等多种模型和方法进行了松嫩平原土地利用变化评价、预测与空间优化研究。以土地利用变化为研究的切入点,运用土地利用图谱模型对土地利用类型的数量变化、时空演变过程和空间转移规律进行了剖析;运用信息图谱方法,以盐碱化土地图形为核心,衍生图形的数量结构特征、时空分布特征、尺度特征以及景观特征图谱系列,开展土地盐碱化动态变化研究;从土地利用的系统结构、功能和效益出发,构建土地可持续利用评价指标体系,基于Geodatabase创建生态环境信息图谱指标数据库,采用层次分析-变权-物元分析(AHP-WC-ME)耦合模型进行综合评价;运用空间分析方法,以1km×1km的栅格尺度,采用空间相关函数筛选土地利用主要影响因子;运用空间主成分分析-元胞自动机-马尔科夫(SPCA-CA-Markov)耦合模型对松嫩平原土地利用格局空间变化趋势进行预测研究;基于Matlab平台将“自上而下”的灰色线性规划模型(GLP)和“自下而上”的元胞自动机模型结合,创建了松嫩平原土地利用格局空间优化模型,对松嫩平原土地利用格局进行空间优化研究,为松嫩平原土地资源的合理开发利用和区域经济的可持续发展提供参考。本文综合运用多种新技术和新方法从土地利用变化对生态环境影响的角度出发,系统开展土地利用格局变化、土地可持续利用评价、变化趋势预测和空间优化系列集成研究,从深度和广度上揭示了松嫩平原生态环境演变的规律和特征,为区域生态环境系统研究探索了一条新路,研究成果可为松嫩平原生态环境保护与重建、资源可持续利用决策提供科学依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Along with the development of social economy, the addition of people and the advancement of science and technology, Mankind has been impacting on the environment at an unprecedented scale and intensity, land use patterns were constantly changing, the framework and function of land-use pattern had been destroyed, the ecological environment worsen continuously, and there are the greatly negative influence on the development of social and economy. The ecological environment deteriorated due to the dry warm unusual climate, excessive land reclamation, excessive herding and other human intense economic activity. The problems, which are the destruction of ecosystems, land degradation, desertification and grassland degradation,became more serious. Regional ecological security was threatened seriously, which constrains the coordinated development among social, economic and ecological environmental. It is urgent to carry on multi-area and multi-level research on eco-environment in Songnen plain.The space-time feature of the ecological environment was subject for study in Songnen Plain. Using many various theories and methods ,such as geographic information atlas theory, LUCC theory,sustainable development theoryand landscape ecology ,based on 3S technology, the information on the ecological environment and other socio-economic information were processed. Land use and landscape will joint, the mathematical model combining atlas model, the land-use change information atlas , land resource sustainable utilization evaluation information atlas and land use change prediction information atlas were established. It revealed the regional ecological environment and the elements of space and time changes of the structure using the computing atlas model. Land use pattern space optimization information atlas was developed combined with GLP and CA to optimize the land use structure ,the research results may achieve the aim of resuming and improving the functions of ecosystem and promoting social economy harmonized development, and explore a new road for landscape ecology service in the regional sustainable development. This paper has important theoretical meaning and practical value in studying sustainable development problem from the angle of landscape ecology.Land use/land cover is the most prominent visual symbol of earth surface system, which represents the natural environment evolution and reflects the impact of human activities on the ecological environment. The dynamic change of the land-use situation was as the study base of the ecological environment changes. In this paper,the dynamic changes of the land-use was taking as the basis of studying changes of the ecological environment.By using TM / ETM remote sensing images, the land use map of 1989, 2000 and 2004 in Songnen Plain were obtained supported with RS-GIS integration technology. According to the main eco-environmental problems in Songnen plain, taking land use as the entrance point for studying, by finding out the characteristics and rules of the spatial-tempral change of land use from 1989 to 2004, the influence was discussed. The study indicated that the land use of Songnen plain changed obviously, which can be described as the phenomenon of five increasing and three decreasing.That is, increasing of tillage (paddy field and dry land), woodland, urban land, sandlot and decreasing of grassland, wetland and water area. The rapid increase of saline-alkali land,the overall decline of the quantity and quality of grassland resources as well as the atrophy of wetlands and waters become a outstanding performance of the ecological environment deterioration in Songnen Plain.Transform the traditional spatial pattern of land use change study, most of which limited on the types of land-use conversion and changes in land quality, as well as statistical analysis of spatial pattern on the static interpretation. Eco-environment information atlas-spatial analysis technique are introduced to LUCC study and put forward land use/land cover models based on atlas unit, which is integrated by "Time·Spatial·Attribute·Process", and composed by relatively homogeneous geographic unit and temporal unit. Based on the three interpreted land-use data, the patterns of land use change map information wassynthesized and sum up Land-use change model as“stable”,“pre-change-type”,“post-change-type”,“repeatedly change”and“constantly changing type”five types. Space information, statistical analysis and mapping unit were combined, to analysis the land-use change laws in different timing modules and different time scales one by one. In 1989 ~ 2000 ~ 2004 mutative atlas,stable map unit“dry-land→dry-land→dry-land”hold a larger proportion to illustrate that is the advantage category. In the type of constantly changing patterns,“the high grass→the middle grass→saline-alkali land”,“the middle grass→the low grass→saline-alkali land”,“the middle grass→the low grass→glebe”and“the high grass→the middle grass→the low grass”change illustrate that the grass degradation was the major way of Songnen Plain land degradation. Based on the land use changes atlas the thesis reconstructs the atlas units on remap tables by reclassifying data, extracts "Arising" atlas and "Falling" atlas,the degradation of eco-environment in Songnen Plain was descripted,such as land salinization , desertification, grassland degradation, and wetland degradation and shrinkage of the water.Land salinization is the most prominent eco-environmental problems in Songnen Plain. Understand spatial distribution laws of land salinization and master the development trends of it is an important aspect to study the change of ecological environment in Songnen Plain. Information atlas model provide a method which combines atlas, quantitative and location to study land salinization.Tthis paper used ERDAS to choose typical terrain feature training area in TM image, build identifiable models of saline-alkali land, found saline-alkali land space-time dynamic changes graphics information database combination with vector data model and raster data model.Generalized analysis the changes of saline-alkali land in Songnen Plain in three periods by unifies saline-alkali land’s basic pattern of space-time evolution,the space expansion form and change characteristic in landscape index, discusses the multi-dimensional and complexity of regional salinization process, in order to reveal the inherent law and development trends of salinization process. The area of saline-alkali land in Songnen Plain showed an upward trend in study period, increasing saline-alkali land mainly comes from the degradation of grasslands and dry farmland as well as the atrophy of water and wetland. The inter-annual change characteristic of saline-alkali mottling’s landscape index shows that with the gradual increase in saline-alkali mottling’s LPI and ED,previously broken saline-alkali mottling develop into larger ones, the exchange degree of the material and energy between mottling and the outside world strengthens gradually, and the mottling interior stabilizes step by step. PAFD decreased on strongly as a result of human development, saline-alkali mottling expansion, tends to simplify the shape of its borders.Taking the location of focus of the saline-alkali land–Dana city carried out space expansion process analysis. Achieve dynamic and atlas of research on salinization process from the mottling shape, the spatial expansion intensity and the spatial expansion pattern,by using related concept and method in space pattern research and establishing mathematical model and the spatial analysis model,which combination with Micro-level graphics information,Macro-level graphics information and regional ecological processes.The land resource sustainable utilization is the basis of human society and economic sustained development, it is very important for the sustainability quantitative evaluation of the natural productive capacity of land , land ecological environment and the related social economy environment to carry out the land resource sustainable utilization evaluation.The structure, function and efficiency of land-use system reflect itself-regulating capacity and capacity to deliver services for humanbeing together.This article build a evaluation index system of sustainable land-use in Songnen Plain from the structure, functions and benefits of land system,which including 27 indicators from target layer,criteria layer,level indicators and elements layer. In support of GIS, the study divided the study area into 94 071 1km×1km evaluation unit, integrate non-spatial data and spatial data effectively by using spatial analysis technology. Establish ecological environmental information indicators database based on Geodatabase. Divide the results into strong-sustainable level, general-sustainable level,critical-sustainable level,non-sustainable level and extremely non-sustainable level by using AHP-WC-ME coupling evaluation model. In support of ArcGIS, complete space expression of sustainable land-use comprehensive information atlas in Songnen Plain through MATLAB programming operations.The evaluation results shows that the degree of sustainable land-use in Songnen Plain is change from critical-sustainable level to non-sustainable level. Critical-sustainable level is account for 34.94% of general area, non-sustainable level and extremely non-sustainable level are account for 34.14% of general area.If don’t adopt a rational feasible land utilization scheme, sustainable land-use in Songnen plain will continue coming down,which lead to outstanding ecological environment problem and restrict regional development seriously. On spatial distribution,north is better than south in sustainable land-use, non-sustainable level and extremely non-sustainable level cities are located in the central of the plain precisely, northeast - southwest direction.Because the region is the subsidence core region of Songnen Plain and also a high incidence of desertification, so the ecological environment quality is bad.This study lay the foundation for clearing the degree of sustainable land-use and carrying out space optimization of land-use pattern in Songnen Plain.This paper used traditional statistics to study on the relation of land use pattern and influence factor in the past, but these methods didn’t take accout of spatial statistics pertinency that lead to useful information lost, and couldn’t reflect spatial distribution discipline. This paper starts from area ecoregion, selects relatively simply, easier to quantificated natural environment factor and society-economy factor as influence factor of land use changes, filter main influence factors of all kinds of land types by spatial pertinency function. Using spatial principal constituent analysis to get weighings of the influence factors, relying on IDRISI to found spatial distribution atlas of the land type suitibity as CA transformation rule parameter, and using CA-Markov model to carry out dynamic simulation of spatial land use pattern of Songnen Plain’s land use, then predicting land use spatial pattern in 2019. The results show that saline-alkali land areas of Songnen Plain will reach 154.78 104hm2, lawn will reduce to 107.06 104 hm2 in 2019, saline-alkali land areas will increase by 20.05%, lawn will decrease by 25.29%。Land use type changes of the whole district will keep in steps with the change trend. Tongyu, Da’an, Changling, qian’an in the south of the plain and Tailai, Dumeng, Daqing and Anda in the north of the plain, these areas’lawn have degenerated seriously. The increase of salt lick is mainly on the basis of original areas in 2019, occupation of grasslands, waters and wetlands, mainly in the low-lying areas in the centre of study area. The salt lick of Da’an, Tongyu, Changling and Qian’an will link up into a single stretch, swallow large areas of lawn. According to the present development trend, the ecological environment of the area will go to the extreme deterioration and seriously constrain local social economic development. The spatial optimization of land use patterns will be helpful to adjust land struction reasonablely, increase the stability of land use patterns, improve the function of damaged ecosystems, supply protection for the sustainable use of land resources. According to characteristics of the ecological environment of Songnen Plain, considering the natural and social factors influences on land use pattern, we carry out the objective of the Songnen Plain spatial pattern of land use optimization for the sustainable use of land resource and area. Using“up-down”gray linear programming model (GLP) to build the objective function and constains, by the supporting of LINGO6.0, to determine the optimal land use types. Under the control of GLP macro methods, making full use of powerful GIS spatial data acquisition and processing capabilities, combined with the advantage of cellular automata spatial pattern of land use, considering the effectiveness of land use optimization, the number of optimization and space optimization, based on the integrated development of Matlab7.2, this paper develop GLP-CA-LUOM model to achieve the optimization control of the quantity and spatial location. The results show waters, woodland and grassland area increase by 35.21 104hm2,12.30 104hm2 and 37.30 104hm2, dry land decreases by 83.20 104hm2, agriculture, forestry, husbandry are adjusted to 0.64:0.08:0.28 from the original 0.72:0.06:0.22 ratio.The forestry, animal husbandry and land use changes are in accord with national policies of forests, grassland, and are basically with area development policy, plannings and government expects. This optimization program can serve as reference for promoting regional agriculture and animal husbandry development. GLP-CA-LUOM model takes account of the suitability of land use, spatial compatibility and coordination of land use, the ratio of the amount of land, policy and regional development planning, to spatial pattern of land use impact, given full consideration to land use optimize the benefits of optimization, the number of space optimization and optimization of land use in line with the principle of optimizing, which is operational. This model achieves by Matlab 7.2, model’s design and operation have a high degree of freedom, flexibility and portability, and is easy to extrapolate at the same time.The features and innovations of the thesis were that the eco-environmental changes were carried on by using eco-environment information atlas-spatial analysis technique. The eco-environment study breadth and depth were expanded. This is an attempt and exploration for study on regional eco-environment, which has some certain theoretical significance and applied reference value. In addition, the author integrated many math model and spatial analysis model,and used the AHP-WC-ME model to carry land resource sustainable utilization evaluation based raster data.All this enriched the sustainable utilization methods. The affected factors of landscape spatial pattern are filtrate by the methods of spatial correlation,using the multiplicity SPCA-CA-Markov model forecasted the landuse pattern. Using“up to down”GLP and“dowm to up”CA,the author developed the landuse pattern spatial optimization model (GLP-CA-LUOM) based on the Matlab 7.2, which had been used to optimize the landuse spatial pattern in Songnen Plain. he successive study on the changes , trend prediction and optimization of landuse pattern have provided a new research ideas and theoretical support on sustainable utilization of soil resource, and is an exploring scientific practice.更多还原