【作者】 葛大兵；

【导师】 邹冬生；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 生态学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 中国作为世界最大的发展中国家,把可持续发展作为国家发展战略,并为实施可持续发展积极探索适合中国国情的可持续发展道路。我国从1996年开始建设县域生态示范区,实践证明生态示范区是中国实施可持续发展比较成功的途径。在生态示范区建设基础上,原国家环境保护总局从2003年开始在全国开展生态县建设试点,生态示范区是生态县建设的初级阶段,而生态县则是生态示范区建设的继续、发展和最终目标。为指导生态县建设规划编制,推动生态县建设,本文开展生态县建设规划的理论与方法以及望城生态县建设规划实证研究。研究结论如下:1)生态学的新认识从自然属性、社会属性、方法论属性、渗透性特征四个方面以及“生态”具有丰富的内涵来论述生态学的新认识。自然属性是指生态学研究生物及其环境的相互关系;社会属性是指生态学研究人与环境,社会、经济与环境的相互关系以及社会、经济、环境系统之间以及内部的相互关系;方法论属性是指生态学研究事物与事物之间的相互关系,成为人们认识事物、认识世界的方法论;生态学渗透性特征是指生态学作为一种理论与方法论,其原理、观点、方法、技术向其他学科、领域、社会、特别是政区渗透,形成生态县、环境优美乡镇、生态村等,生态县是生态政区的一种形式,也是一个“社会——经济——环境”复合生态系统。“生态”具有丰富的内涵,既有“住所、居住地、住房”,“生物的生存之状态”,“生物与环境之间的相互关系”,“事物与事物之间的关系”,“人与人之间、人与环境之间、人与社会之间的关系”之涵义,又有“和谐、健康的、多样性”、“方法论”的概念。2)生态县建设规划理论体系定义了生态社会与生态社会建设规划、生态经济与生态经济建设规划、生态环境与生态环境建设规划、生态文明与生态文明建设规划的内涵,阐述了传统社会与生态社会、传统经济与生态经济、环境与生态环境、传统文明与生态文明的本质差异,从指导思想、规划原则、规划目标、规划指标、规划程序、规划内容诸方面,对生态社会建设规划理论、生态经济建设规划理论、生态环境建设规划理论、生态文明建设规划理论进行了探讨,并初步建立生态县建设规划理论体系。3)生态县建设规划方法体系（1）在William Rees&Wackernagel生态足迹模型基础上,建立了县域“社会——经济——环境”复合系统生态足迹模型,辩识与评价县域“社会——经济——环境”复合系统的可持续性。并提出了环境污染生态足迹,生态服务功能、社会经济发展以及科学技术进步带来的生态承载力计算方法。（2）提出生态县建设规划三种基本模式:“社会——经济——环境”三位一体横向复合规划模式、“生态县——环境优美乡镇——生态村”三级耦合纵向规划模式、“生态规划——生态建设——生态管理”动态发展规划模式,并提出了模式基本内涵、基本框架与基本内容。（3）提出生态县建设规划方案编制方法与主要内容。包括生态县建设规划总则、县域“社会——经济——环境”复合系统辩识、规划框架（规划范围、规划时段、规划目标、规划指标）、社会经济环境三大规划领域、重点建设任务与工程、规划实施效益分析与评价、规划实施的保障措施等。（4）生态县建设规划方案优化方法。建立县域“社会——经济——环境”复合系统动态仿真模型、县域“社会——经济——环境”复合系统多目标优化模型、工业行业结构调整模型、农业行业结构调整模型、第三产业行业结构调整模型。通过模型的运行得到生态县建设规划优化方案。4)望城县“社会——经济——环境”复合系统可持续性评价2004年望城县社会系统生态足迹为1.622893326 hm²/人,经济系统生态足迹为0.828442816 hm²/人,环境系统生态足迹为0.077114914 hm²/人,全县总生态足迹为2.528551459 hm²/人,其中资源消费生态足迹为1.86423223 hm²/人、能源消耗生态足迹为0.262449773hm²/人、环境污染生态足迹0.401773496hm²/人,环境污染生态足迹占整个生态足迹的15.89%。生态承载力为1.271155189 hm²/人,其中环境承载力0.395065481 hm²/人、生态服务功能生态承载力为0.83658316 hm²/人,社会经济发展、科学技术进步增加的生态承载力为0.039506548 hm²/人。生态赤字为1.25739627 hm²/人,生态承载度为0.503＜1,“社会——经济——环境”复合系统处于不可持续状态。5)望城县“社会——经济——环境”复合系统仿真模型、多目标优化与结构调整模型根据生态县建设考核指标体系以及望城县“社会——经济——环境”复合系统之子系统以及子系统内部之间的正负反馈关系,借助Vensim语言,在系统仿真模型基础上,构建望城县“社会——经济——环境”复合系统仿真模型,并通过回顾性检验和灵敏度分析,证明该模型具有较好的拟合性与强壮性,能用于望城县“社会——经济——环境”复合系统相互关系分析。利用Lingo语言,在线性规划模型基础上,构建望城县“社会——经济——环境”复合系统多目标优化模型、望城县工业结构调整模型、望城县农业结构调整模型、望城县第三产业结构调整模型。6)望城生态县建设规划优化方案把经过多目标模型以及工业农业第三产业结构调整模型运行的结果,代入SD模型运行,得到望城生态县建设规划优化方案:到2013年（第一阶段:2004年——2013年末）,全县人口规模为86.45万人,国内生产总值为324.68亿元,其中工业增加值161.4亿元、农业增加值34亿元、第三产业增加值129.3亿元,固定资产值212.8亿元,接待旅游人数90万人/年,污水处理能力为5.02万t/d,COD_cr去除量为9738 t/a,SO₂去除量为17059t/a,工业累计投资200亿元,第三产业累计投资294亿元,环境保护累计投资18亿元,禽畜养殖规模达到200万头（生猪）。到2020年（第二阶段:2014年——2020年末）,全县人口规模为101.7万人,国内生产总值为701.53亿元,其中工业增加值315.6亿元、农业增加值56.6亿元、第三产业增加值329.3亿元,固定资产值638.7亿元,接待旅游人数130万人/年,污水处理能力为14.1万t/d,COD_cr去除量为23315 t/a,SO₂去除量为39667 t/a,工业累计投资590亿元,第三产业累计投资967亿元,环境保护累计投资67亿元,禽畜养殖规模达到284万头（生猪）。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sustainable development had been taken as nation’s development strategy in China which was the largest developing country in the world,and the path of sustainable development explored positively which was suitable to the China’s actual conditions to implement sustainable development.From 1996,the ecological demonstration area of county region had been applied to whole country.Ecological demonstration area was testified to be a comparatively successful approach for China to put into effect sustainable development.On the basis of ecological demonstration area’s construction,ecological county construction had been put forward by National Bureau of Environmental Protection in 2003.The construction of ecological demonstration area was the initial stage for construction of ecological county,and the latter was continuous,developing and the finalist target to ecological demonstration area’s construction.In order to guide to editor ecological county construction planning and promote the construction of ecological county,theories and methods of ecological county construction planning had been studied in this paper.The main contents were as follows:1.The new thoughts of ecologyThe natural characteristic,social characteristic,methodological characteristic,penetrating feature, and abunderful contents of ’eco-’ from ecology had been studied.The natural characteristic was about the relationships between organisms and environment,the social characteristic was about relationships between organisms,human beings and environment,relationships between society, economy and environment,the methodological characteristic was about the relationships between things and things,which was methodology for human beings to know the world.The penetrating feature of ecology was about penetrating to science,fields,society,especially district by its theory, viewpoint,methods and technology,and ecological county,town of environmental beauty,ecological village were constructed.Ecological county was a ’social,economic,environmental’ complex system.The abunderful contents of ’eco’ from ecology was not only about original meanings of housing,dwelling,house,living conditions of organisms,the relationships between the organisms and environment,human beings and environment,human beings and human beings,human beings and society,but also harmony,health and diversity and methodology.2.The theory system of ecological county construction planningThe concept of ecological society and ecological social construction planning,ecological economy and ecological economic construction planning,ecological environment and ecological environmental construction planning,ecological civilization and ecological civilization construction planning had been put forward from ecological county.The differences between ecological society and traditional society,ecological economy and traditional economy,ecological environment and environment,ecological civilization and traditional civilization had been discussed.The guiding thoughts,basic displinary,planning targets,planning indices,planning procedures and planning contents had been studied for the theories of ecological social construction planning,ecological economic construction planning,ecological environmental construction planning and ecological civilization construction planning.The theory system of ecological county construction planning had been primarily set up.3.The method system of ecological county construction planningOn the basis of ecological footprint model of William Rees & Wackernagel,the ecological footprint assessment model of ecological county had been set up to distinguish and assess the sustainability of ’social,economic,and environmental’ complex system.The calculation method of ecological footprint of environmental pollution,the carrying capacity from ecological service of environmental system,social and economic development,and scientific technology progress were put forward.Three kinds of planning modes had been systematically studied for ecological county.They were the trinity-transverse complex mode of ’social,economic,environmental’ construction planning,the three class-lenthwise complex mode of ’ecological county,environmental beauty town,ecological village’ construction planning and the dynamically-developing complex mode of ’ecological planning,ecological construction,ecological management’.And the concept,frame and contents of the modes had been put forward.The editoring methods and the main contents of ecological county construction planning had been put forward.There were about seven parts in the ecological county construction planning,which were planning general preface,recognition for ’social,economic,environmental’complex system, planning frame（planning area,planning targets,planning indices）,three fields of society,economy and environment,the key construction projects,analysis and assessment on effiency of society,economy and environment and security measures of ecological county planning application had been put forward.The optimization methods of ecological county construction planning had been put forward.County regional ’social,economic,environmental’ complex system dynamical simulation model,county regional ’social,economic,environmental’complex system multio-bjective optimization model,the industrial structure adjusting model,agricultural structure adjusting model and the tertiary industrial structure adjusting model were set up to get the optimization program of ecological county construction planning.4.Sustainable assessment on Wangcheng county ’social,economic,environmental’ complex systemThe ecological footprint was calculated by ’social,economic,environmental’ complex system footprint model in Wangcheng county in 2004,the social footprint,economic footprint,environmental footprint was espectivelyl.622893326,0.828442816,0.077114914 hm²/per cap.,the whole footprint was 2.528551459 hm²/per cap.,the resources footprint,energy footprint,pollution footprint were espectively 1.86423223,0.262449773,0.401773496 hm²/per cap.,and environmental pollution footprint was 15.89%of the whole footprint in Wangcheng county.The ecological carrying capacity was 1.271155189 hm²/per cap,environmental carrying capacity was 0.395065481 hm²/per cap., ecological service carrying capacity was 0.83658316 hm²/per cap.,and other ecological carrying capacity was 0.039506548 hm²/per cap.from social economic development and scientific techonogy. Ecological deficit was 1.25739627 hm²/per cap.,ecological carrying degree was 0.503,which was less zhan 1.The whole ’social,economic,environmental’ complex system was not sustainable.5.Wangcheng county’social,economic,environmental’complex system simulation model, multi-objective optimization model and structure adjusting modelOn the basis of system dynamical simulation model,Wangcheng county’social,economic,environmental’complex system simulation model（WCCSEECSSM）was set up by Vensim language, according to the indices system of National Ecological County and the relationships among Wangcheng county’social,economic,environmental’complex system and sub-system,the results of retrospect quality checking and the sensitivity analysis were coincidence with actuality. WCCSEECSSM was strong enough to fit for the analysis of relationships among society,economy,environment in Wangcheng county.Wangcheng county’social,economic,environmental’complex system multi-objective optimization model,industrial structure adjusting model,agricultural structure adjusting model and tertiary industrial structure adjusting model were set up by Lingo language on the basis of linear planning model.6.The optimization program of Wangcheng ecological county construction planningThe results of running of Wangcheng county’social,economic,environmental’complex system multi-objective optimization model,industrial,agricultural and tertiary industrial structure adjusting model were put into Wangcheng county’social,economic,environmenttal’complex system simulation model.The results showed:The population would reach 0.8645 million people,GDP would be 32.468 billion yuan,industrial added value,agricultural added value,the added value of tertiary industry would be espectively 16.14,3.4,12.93 billion yuan.The stable capital value would be 21.28 billion yuan,population of tourist who came to Wangcheng county would reach 900 thousand people,the amounts of sewage treatment would be 50.2 thousand t/d.Romoval amounts of COD_cr,SO₂ would be 9738,17059 t/a.The industrial,the tertiary industrial and environmental protection investment would be espectively 20,29.4,1.8 billion yuan,the total amounts of foultry and beasts would be 2.00million in 2013.The population would reach 1.017 miltion people,GDP would be 70.153 billion yuan,industrial added value,agricultural added value,the added value of tertiary industry would be espectively 31.56,5.66,32.93 billion yuan.The stable capital value would be 63.87 billion yuan,population of tourist who came to Wangcheng county would reach 1.3 million people,the amounts of sewage treatment would be 141 thousand t/d.Romoval amounts of COD_cr,SO₂ would be 23315,39667t/a.The industrial,the tertiary industrial and environmental protection investment would be espectively 59.0,96.7,6.7 billin yuan.The total amounts of foultry and beasts would be 2.84 million in 2020.更多还原