【作者】 傅异星；

【导师】 吴秀明；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 乡土文学作为新文学的一个文类,在某种程度是中国现代知识分子现代化焦虑的产物。它所承担的不仅仅是“审美”功能,而且自觉不自觉地都参与了乡土中国的现代化进程,成为了中国知识分子现代化追求的一种话语实践方式。虽然中国近现代知识分子对现代西方的理解,经历着从科技到制度再到价值观念这样一个由浅入深的过程的,但是对一个独立、强盛的现代民族国家的向往,使得从晚清到20世纪80年代的中国知识分子既难得以平和的心态对待中国的传统,也难以从容地建构中国社会的现代性,他们更关心的是中国的现代化问题。而他们对现代化问题的理解,很大程度上是对时间和空间的,即从传统到现代,从中国到西方,成为中国现代化的历史诉求和必经之路。这其中,启蒙和革命作为知识分子实践现代化的两种强势话语,深远地影响了乡土叙事,并在其中占据了相当重要的地位。因为对现代化问题的理解建立在线性的一元历史发展观上,中国知识分子对乡土中国的现代意义很难做出适当的价值估量,并对西方的现代性作出应有的反思。这就形成了乡土叙事中“现代化”话语对现实乡土的遮蔽,使乡土成为一个被压抑的表现领域。新时期以来,当现代化在中国取得一定的成果,也产生一定的负面效果时,20世纪90年代的中国社会就产生了一场反思中国现代化道路,寻找多样现代性的思潮。在一个文化和思想渐渐多元化的语境中,启蒙话语和由革命话语延伸而来的意识形态话语,不再可能维持它们在乡土小说中原有的坚固地位。而新时期的作家正因为绝大部分是农裔或者因社会运动有过农村生活,他们丰富的乡土经验和对乡土生存困境的体察,使他们获得了不同于启蒙话语那种高高在上的文化批判眼光,也能够疏离意识形态对乡村发展所进行光明涂饰,以悲悯的态度直面乡土中国的种种问题。艺术表现力的多变、思想资源的多样、乡土经验的丰富等带来了乡土文学形象的多面形貌,使得乡土小说在80年代后呈现出多姿的审美形态。本论文从启蒙话语和意识形态话语等“现代化”话语在80年代后的祛魅过程切入,考察新时期以来乡土小说及其嬗变,探讨中国知识分子对乡土中国现代化问题以及中国新文学的反省与新思考。从中可以看到,以启蒙话语和革命话语/意识形态话语为代表的“现代化”话语对中国20世纪乡土文学创作和文学解读的束缚。从文学创作来说,它使作家们摆脱不了“民族国家寓言”创作模式和以西方现代价值为标准的现代意识的影响,乡土叙事难以走出五四一代作家的祖荫。从文学解读来说,这些话语的价值指向:现代民族国家,促使中国形成了坚固的“现代化”意识形态,它使我们对传统的、乡土的东西采取简单的同情但否定的态度,从而不可能从容地面对与现代化相异的文化、思想因子。启蒙话语和意识形态话语对文学创作的影响是通过一定的渠道的。知识分子作为创作者,它对叙事的控制,最为明显地体现在他们观照乡土的方式上。不同身份的知识分子观察乡土的角度是不一样的,对待乡土的态度也是不相同的。90年代启蒙话语的裂变,就是知识分子社会身份变化的结果。革命话语/意识形态话语则借助对现实主义内涵的不断定义,来影响文学。实际上,在新时期以来的文学语境中,现实主义在很大程度上被看成是意识形态的载体。新时期以来,现实主义在文学中从独尊到蜕变为一种基础性写实手法的过程,正是意识形态在这段时期内不断松弛的过程。基于这样的认识,本论文在梳理启蒙话语和现实主义在20世纪乡土叙事中的发生、发展史的基础上,从两个方面分析“现代化”话语的祛魅过程:一方面,从叙述人的知识分子身份讨论惯常的启蒙视角对乡土现实造成的遮蔽性书写,分析90年代知识分子身份的自觉反思促成乡土叙事从“启蒙”向“民间”的变奏后,90年代乡土叙事审美形态的变化;另一方面,以80年代以来的《黄河东流去》、《苍生》、《古船》、《白鹿原》、《受活》、《秦腔》等6个文本分析现实主义在艺术创新和多元思想冲击下的渐变,并从中剖析意识形态话语是如何失去控制文本和建构乡土现实本质的能力。“现代化”话语在80年代后的祛魅,既是历史条件变化赋予作家的认识高度,也是作家们话语自觉的成果。对乡土中国生活的刻骨体验和深查以及对已实践的现代化过程的沉思,使得新时期以来的中国知识分子能够摆脱启蒙话语和意识形态话语高高在上的外在观照姿态,回到乡土中国的现实语境中思考中国问题。重新叙述乡土现实和乡土历史,并在现代化、全球化情境中,重估乡土文明和传统文化的现代价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a genre of the new literature, the countryside narrative literature is the expression of Chinese modern intellectuals’ anxiety for modernizations to some extent. It not only concerns, but also affects the process of China’s modernizations in rural areas unconsciously, as a way of discourse practice for Chinese intellectuals. Although the understanding to the modern west countries has extended from the superficial layers of science and technology to the deeper layers of administration system and social value, the hope of an independent, powerful, and modern national state makes the intellectuals rarely treat Chinese tradition in peace and construct the modernity of Chinese society calmly from the late Qing Dynasty to 1980. They cared more about modernization. Their understanding to the modernization was mostly in time and space dimensions, that is, from tradition to modern, from China to the West. The understanding quested and paved the way to the Chinese modernization. The two strong discourses of the intellectuals’ modernization practice, enlightenment and revolution, have affected profoundly the rural narrative literature, and occupied an important status in the process of countryside modernization. Because the understanding of modernization is established on the linear monistic historical development concept, it is difficult for the intellectuals to make suitable estimation on the importance of rural china, and hardly rethink the west modernity rationally. This results in a situation that countryside culture is shaded by "modernizations" in rural narrative literature, and it becomes a suppressed domain of expression.At a new era when modernization is carried out significantly in China and brings about negative consequences, in the Chinese society of the 90^th last century germinates a trend to retrospect the path of modernization and seek diversity of modernity. The ideological discourses, extended from enlightenment and revolutionary discourses in the diversified context of culture and ideology, no longer maintain their dominant status in the rural literature. The majorities of authors in the new era are offsprings of peasants, or have lived in countryside due to social movements. Their rich experience in country life and its hardship endorsed them with a kind of critique view of culture which is different from the towering view of enlightening discourse. They could disclose the bright coating on countryside development applied with ideologies, and face various problems in Chinese countryside sympathetically. The flexibility of artistic expression, the multiplicity of thought resources, and the richness of countryside experience have brought polymorphism of characteristics in rural literature, making the novels on countryside themes appear in various aesthetic shapes after the 1980’s.This paper inspects the countryside narrative from the new period and its change from the disenchant process of the modernization discourses, such as the enlightenment discourse and the ideological discourse, discussing Chinese intellectual’s introspection and consideration of the modernization of the countryside as well as the Chinese new literature. Based on the discussion, we can conclude that the modernization discourse, represented by the enlightenment discourse and the revolutionary discourse/ideological discourse, has fettered the production and explanation of Chinese literary in the 20th century. On the literary production, it makes the writers not be able to get rid of the pattern of the national state fable and the influence of the Western modern value, and it also makes the countryside narrative hardly walk out of "Five-Four New Culture Movement" writer’s influence. On the literature explanation, the value of these discourses is standardized according to the value of the modern West. It has formed the modernization ideology firmly. This ideology makes us adopt the simple manner which is sympathy but refusal to the tradition and the local, thus we can not possibly calmly face the culture and thought factor different from the modernization ideology.The enlightenment and the ideological discourses influence literary production through some certain channels.The intellectual’s control to the narrative manifests obviously in their contemplation mode of the rural life. Different intellectuals with different observation angles have different manners to the rural life. The differentiation of the enlightenment discourse in the 1990s is the result of . the change of the intellectual’s society status. The revolutionary /ideological discourse affects the literature through the support of giving definition to the Realism connotation constantly. In fact, the Realism has been regarded as the ideological carrier in the literature context in the new era to some extent. After 1980, the Realism has transformed to a foundational realistic approach. It is precisely the process that the ideology has been relaxing unceasingly.Based on such understanding, this paper, combing the history of the occurrence and development of the enlightenment discourse and the Realism in the 20^th century, analyzes the process of disenchantment of the modernization discourse from two aspects as follows: On one hand, this paper takes the intellectual’s status as the narrator to discuss the camouflage writing from the Enlightenment angle, and analyzes the change of the aesthetic shape in the 1990s, which is caused by the transformation from the view of "the enlightenment" to "the folk" in the rural narrative. On the other hand, this paper analyzes the Realism change under the impact of the artistic innovation and the multiple thought, and how the ideological discourse loses the ability of controlling text and constructing the local realistic essence, from the East FlowingYellow River, Common people, Ancient Ship, Bailu Plain, Shouhuo, Qinqiang. The disenchantment of the modernization discourse after 1980, is caused not only by the writers’ profound understanding of the changing history, but also by the writers’ awareness of their discourses. The Chinese intellectual’s deep experiences of the rural life and contemplation about the modernized process, enable them to get rid of the posture of the enlightenment and ideological discourses, return to the rural Chinese realistic context to think about the Chinese question, restate the local reality and history, evaluating the modern value of local civilization and traditional culture in the modernized and globalized situation更多还原