【作者】 陈卫华；

【导师】 徐岱；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 文艺学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 “波希米亚”是一个有趣而迫切的理论命题。它是19世纪以来那些不满现实、喜欢游荡、具有创新才华的文人艺术家及其特异生活方式的形象代名词,是现代西方文化世界逐步增长的一种新的生活方式和精神信仰。作为西方现代历史上特殊的艺术文化现象发生,波希米亚先后经历了一代波希米亚、二代波希米亚、先锋派波希米亚、跨掉的一代、60年代反文化运动等多阶段历史;涉及浪漫主义、象征主义、唯美主义、达达主义和超现实主义,跨掉的一代、格林尼治村先锋戏剧等文艺思潮。它孕育于19世纪初的浪漫主义运动,收束为20世纪中期的先锋派艺术,在前者的艺术至上理念渐次转型为后者先锋美学的百年历史历程中担任重要使者和媒介,让人们看到一种强调艺术和审美的自律的美学观如何悄悄地向强调艺术与生活边界溶解的后现代美学的转型。这是一个触摸现代西方艺术文化世界的核心范畴。而作为西方社会转型时期混沌复杂的现代性情境产物,波希米亚是一场生活艺术运动及生活方式革命。它一头触及高雅文化的代表——艺术家和知识分子,另一脚踩踏作为生活方式总体的日常生活领域,其基本精神内涵贯穿为一种“将审美精神不仅表现于艺术而且引为一种生活实践”的艺术化生活的追求。从1830年第一批经验到此的长发青年到20世纪的超现实主义者,波希米亚人都在努力融合两种经验,即现代主义的艺术超越精神和走出社会体制束缚生活的开放体验,寻找和呈现艺术与生活的真理。在这个意义上,波希米亚延续18世纪以来的审美救赎传统,对席勒审美教育思想作了一个超越性的继承,彰显一条基本而珍贵的文化大传承原理:让生命的种子在现代审美文化世界发芽。应该说,对“生活艺术”审美救赎路线的探寻,正是波希米亚的独具特色所在,它与“为艺术而艺术”的审美路线相反相成,共同生发于现代欧洲文人艺术家的世界。近两个世纪的岁月风云,让我们看到,艺术生活化就是这样一个宽阔的自我发展的工具,它建立于一个基本点:每个人都应该可以选择过一个属于自己的、本真的生活。这正是波希米亚精神的核心内涵。波希米亚艺术生活化运动,成为人们对理想文化世界追求的一段可贵尝试,成为现代人为获得真正意义上的一种自由、活波、充沛的审美化生存而行走出来的特别历史风景。更多还原

【Abstract】 Being an interesting and urgent theoretical proposition, "Bohemia" is synonymous of the image and the eccentric lifestyle of some talented writers and artists since the 19^th century, who are dissatisfied with the reality, fond of loitering, and full of innovation. It is also a new way of life and belief which finds a gradual growth in the modern Western culture.As a special art and culture phenomenon in modern Western history, the Bohemian movment has seen such stages as first-generation Bohemia; second-generation Bohemia; avant-garde Bohemia; Beat generation, and the anticultural movement in the 1960s. Bohemia involves some literary thoughts, such as Romanticism, Symbolism, Aestheticism, Dadaism and Surrealism, Beat generation, Greenwich Village Vanguard drama, etc. It originated from the Romanticism movement in the early 19^th century, and ended as the avant-garde art in the mid-20^th century. Playing the important role of a messenger and a vehicle in the 100-year course of the gradual transformation from the concept of art for art’s sake of the former into the vanguard aethetics of the latter, it provides a pespective from which we can see how the self-disciplined aethetics which stresses art and perception of beauty changed into the post-modernism aethetics which emphasizes ablating the border between art and life. This is one of core categories in the art and culture world of the modern west.As a product of the chaotic and complicated modernity in the transformation period of the western society, Bohemian is an art movement and a lifestyle revolution. It was associated, on the one hand, with the representative of the elegant culture - artists and intellectuals, and was involved, on the other hand, with the daily life as a way of life in general. The spiritual meaning of Bohemianism is the pursuit of art of life embodying aesthetics not only in arts but also in living practice. From the batch of long-haired young men who first experienced this in 1830 to super-realists in the 20th century, La Boheme had been trying to integrate the two experiences, namely, the modernism spirit of art-transcending and the life experience of breaking the shakles of social institution; and trying to seek and represent truth in arts and in life. In this sense, Bohemia, which inherited the tradition of Aesthetic Salvation of the 18^th century, and surpasses Schiller’s thoughts on aesthetic education, highlighted a basic and precious principle of descending culture: help the seeds of life germinate in the modern world of aesthetic culture.It should be said that the exploration of routes of aesthetic salvation in "art of living" is a typical feature of Bohemian. It is contrary and supplementary to the aesthetic line of "art for art’s sake", and both lines came into being in the world of the modern European artists and literati. We can see from the history of nearly two centuries that "art of life", as a useful tool for self-development, is based on a view: every one should be able to live a life of his/her own, which is absolutely the core of Bohemianism. The Bohemian movement of art of living has become a valuable experience of pursuing ideal culture, and a special historical lanscape made by modern people who desire to possess, in the true sense, a free, vivacious and energetic aesthetic living.更多还原