宁夏近代教育研究

【作者】 王曙明；

【导师】 周伟洲；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 专门史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 近些年来,教育界、学术界对中国少数民族教育倍为关注,在深入探讨各民族教育的过去、现在与未来的同时,取得了一定的研究成果。其中回族教育,因其人口众多、分布甚广,且较好地继承了本民族传统文化,而更受重视。近代宁夏,作为回族之乡,无论是就其传承伊斯兰教文化为主的宗教教育而言,还是以其普及大众文化知识的国民教育而论,都在西北乃至全国有一定的影响力。因而,研究宁夏近代教育的发展历程,为近代回族教育研究及少数民族地区教育史研究打开了一扇窗口,提供了典型范例。对于今天西部民族地区教育的发展与创新,均有重要的学术价值和现实意义。本文在立足于发掘和整理近代第一手文献资料基础上,广泛汲取前人研究成果,试图对宁夏近代教育进行全面研究。按照宁夏各民族国民教育与宗教教育的近代化进程,将全篇分为五章,加以论述:第一章,清末新政前的宁夏社会与教育状况。同治年后,宁夏人口锐减,清政府为加强对宁夏回族的统治,强行迁徙众多回族到宁夏穷山僻壤之地,造成宁夏回民聚居地区教育严重落后,以及教育发展严重不均衡等问题。清末新政前,宁夏府州县学、书院、社学、义学以及私塾都是为科举服务,注重伦理道德教育,轻视生产技能培养。宁夏经堂教育重在为清真寺培养宗教职业人士,小学主要学习阿拉伯语和一般宗教知识,大学学习伊斯兰教经典、教义和教法等。教会教育,围绕经言要理,实施汉语识字教育等。这时期,宁夏回族子弟就学经堂教育的多,去官学、社学、义学的少,这样使得宁夏回汉各民族接受普通文化知识教育的距离拉开了。第二章,从清末新政到1929年宁夏建省前,宁夏近代教育的产生与初步发展。光绪二十九年(1903年),宁夏改满城书院为驻防满营两等小学堂,开启了宁夏近代教育的先河。此后的近30年,宁夏普通教育,尤其是宁夏回族普通教育在多方人士的推动下,近代化教育逐渐开展。这一时期宁夏兴办学校,无不渗透着回汉各民族团结合作、共创教育未来的新气象。许多清真学校聘请汉族教员任教,学生入学也是回汉兼收。同时,入读普通小学校的回族学生也有增加。与此同时,宁夏经堂教育虽身处社会转型期的教育变革大潮中,但因其教育自身的封闭性而一时难于适应性地向前变化发展。第三、第四、第五章,以专题形式,分别论述宁夏建省后的教育政策与教育管理;讨论建省后宁夏国民教育的进一步发展;探讨建省后宁夏学校式社会教育、变革的经堂教育与教会教育。1929年宁夏建省后,作为边疆省份,其教育政策主要倾斜于边疆教育政策与义务教育政策。边疆教育的首要任务就是化特殊为相同,以期达到各民族教育的平等、统一发展。义务教育政策,是逐级将普及一年、二年乃至四年儿童义务教育与推广民众识字、扫除文盲等的社会教育紧密联系在一起。然而教育政策的正确制定不能代表教育政策的顺利实施,这里很大程度上受限于教育行政管理的作用。建省后,宁夏教育行政机构虽逐步建立健全,但因教育经费极其有限,所谓教育行政机构的管理也只能是巧妇难于无米之炊。宁夏国民教育,以其建省后接受初等、中等、高等教育的人数来看,呈现金字塔式的发展状况。初等教育,以普及义务教育为中心向着规模化方向发展,施教对象不仅面向学龄儿童,而且辅助广大失学民众受教育;中等教育,发展空间不大,仅拓展有职业技术教育、师范教育及中学教育等;所谓高等教育,只是宁夏当地政府利用外在教育资源培养本地学生接受国内留学与国外留学教育,而宁夏本省内并未建立起实质性的高等院校。就学校式的社会教育而言,宁夏建省后入学民众虽年有增加,但与预期目标相去甚远。宁夏经堂教育在变革道路上出现了诸多问题,但变革的结果使宁夏经堂教育大大向前迈进一步。与此同时,宁夏教会教育也适时调整了教育方针、办学形式和方法,进而得到发展。总之,宁夏教育在近代化的历程中,既体现有与西北乃至全国其他省份相类似的教育共性,同时又因其特殊的人文地理环境与社会历史发展背景而独显其近代教育特色。更多还原

【Abstract】 Education for ethnic minorities is taken seriously by the Chinese educational circles and academic circles at present, and which leads to a great deal achievements are obtained by researching the history of ethnic education. Meanwhile, much more attention is paid to the Hui people’s education for its large population in China and their well kept traditional culture . The education in Northwest and even in whole nation was certainly influenced by general modern education in Ningxia ,not only accounted for its religious education but also for its public education. The study on the history of the educational modernization in Ningxia provides a typical insight for the educational study on Hui minority and the study on educational history in the ethnic areas , which has great academic value and practical significance.Based on the first hand historical materials and the obtained achievements, we try to give a comprehensive research on the modern education in Ningxia . According to the development of public education and religious education, this thesis is divided into the following five chapters.The first chapter is on society and educational aspects in Ningxia,and before the New Deal of the late Qing Dynasty. Due to many Hui people were forced to move to the poor and remote areas in Ningxia after the Reign of Tongzhi, education among Hui people was quite backward , and the development of education was very imbalanced. Confucianism in Ningxia served the Keju institution, which valued ethical education but looked down on technical training. While mosque education in Ningxia was aim at cultivating Imam and the teachers for muslims, which taught children Arabic and basics about Islam during the elementary phase as well as profound knowledge about Islam in the senior grades. Most of the Hui chidren in Ningxia learned in mosques but not in these schools which were run by the government or in Shexue and Yixue ,therefore the existed gap of learning Confucian culture between Hui people and Han people was widened.The second chapter concerns the first step development and coming into being of the modern education system in Ningxia. In 1903, the Mancheng academy of classical learning was shifted to school, which was considered to be the beginning of Ningxia’s modern education.and then the public education especially the Hui public education was modernized step by step with the joint efforts of Hui and Han for almost 30 years. Many Hui chidren went to Muslim schools in which Han chidren were few, meanwhile some of Hui chidren learned in public schools yet with a unstable increase of the enrolling number. But the mosque education in Ningxia couldn’t well adapt the changing social situation and always adhered to its old rules.The third ,the fourth and the fifth chapters involve respectively: the educational policies and administration after the establishment of Ningxia province ; the further development of the public education in Ningxia; social education in schools, transformed mosque education and missionary education.Since 1929 the educational policy for the border regions and the policy of compelling education had dominated the form of education in Ningxia. In order to balance the educational development between different ethnics, the educational policy for the border regions was to unify the various forms of education .While the policy of compelling education was to let all children to learn in primary schools from grade one to grade four, meanwhile, let the masses to learn how to read. However, the proper policies couldn’t be carried on smoothly without right function of educational administration. Even if the organization of educational administration was established perfectly, it couldn’t reach its original expectation because of the short of financial support.The development of primary education, secondary school education and higher education shaped in Pyramid, because primary education for children as well as civilians went fast and widely, while the progress secondary school education had made was less with simple vocational education, normal education and middle school education, and the development of higher education was the least without higher university.As far as the social education is concerned, since Ningxia province was established , the population of the literate increased much faster than ever before , but still less than the goal set before. While the mosque education in Ningxia developed fast, meantime, missionary education made a progress further by adjusting educational principles and methods.All in all, compared the education with other provinces", the development of education of Ningxia in modern time were not only unique but also sharing similarities for its special situation and historical background.更多还原