当代中东国家边界与领土争端研究

【作者】 谢立忱；

【导师】 黄民兴；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 世界史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 历史上,恶劣的自然环境和逐水草而居的特有的游牧生活方式,一定程度上造成了中东人民边界领土观念的淡漠。然而,随着民族主义的传入,中东人民对于这种精确地限定领土主权范围的线性疆界和民族国家等概念开始逐渐有了新的认识。于是,伴随中东各国不断取得独立,在民族国家观念的驱动下,受利益等各种因素的影响,各国围绕边界领土问题便展开了无休无止的争端。鉴于国内外学界缺乏对中东地区领土争端进行专门的全面研究,而主要聚焦于阿以争端等热点问题的分析,笔者拟从地区的视角,采地区综合论述与不同国家个案分析相结合的写作方法,对中东国家领土争端作一较系统的研究,意在揭示争端的原因,分析争端的影响,探讨争端的解决,而非限于对领土争端本身的描述。为了解决领土争端,就必须先弄清争端的原因。尽管领土是对国家主权内涵最具诠释力的要素,但领土争端显然不是纯粹的领土意义上的争夺,而与领土上的资源及领土本身的战略地位直接相关。例如希腊与土耳其之间的爱琴海之争、以色列与叙利亚之间的戈兰高地之争均与爱琴海和戈兰高地本身的战略价值密切相关;再如,海湾君主国之间的领土争端基本可视为资源型的争端。然而,观念是建构利益的基础。中东领土争端与各国领导人及各国人民的历史观、族群观、利益观等存有很大关联。此外,外来势力的干预也常常引发或加剧有关国家之间的领土纠纷。中东国家领土争端的影响是重大的、多方面的。从影响的内容上讲,涉及政治、经济等多个方面;从影响的范围上看,涉及国家、地区、全球三个层面。中东国家领土争端的原因错综复杂,因而其解决不仅仅意味着领土本身的划分和利益的分配,还涉及有关国家在观念上的转变和适当方式的采取。因此,中东国家领土争端的解决需要具备一定的主客观条件和能够被有关各方接受的适当方式以及局外势力的调解。有些领土争端异常激烈,当事国几乎无力回旋,这种外部条件的催化作用便显得尤其重要。有关国家必须本着民族平等、相互尊重、共赢互利、和平共处等原则,认真协商、互信合作,共同摆脱边界争端的困扰,使边界不再成为彼此交流的障碍和引发冲突的根源,而仅是民族国家的一种象征,仅是民族国家有效行使权力的一种地理范畴。中东国家领土争端具有某些历时和共时特征。从历时性上讲,冷战时期和冷战后的领土争端中的意识形态因素和安全因素以及领土争端的烈度等是不同的。从共时性上讲,与其他地区相比,中东地区领土争端具有普遍性、复杂性、爆炸性、全球性等特征。另外,泛民族主义对不同地区的领土争端的影响也不尽相同。更多还原

【Abstract】 Historically, the bad natural environment and the unique nomadic lifestyle of living by water and grass partly led to people’s indifferent concept of Territories and Boundaries in the Middle East. However, with the introduction of nationalism, people gradually get a new understanding to these concepts of nation-state and linear boundary which accurately limit scope of territorial sovereignty in the Middle East. Hence, with independence of the Middle Eastern countries, driven by the idea of nation-state and affected by interests and other factors, states started endless disputes around the problem of border and territory. In view of the lack of special and comprehensive research on territorial disputes and the main focus on the analysis of the Arab-Israeli dispute and other hot issues in domestic and abroad academic circles, author intends to adopt the research method of area synthesis analysis and case studies from the perspective of the region, doing a systematic research into territorial disputes among the Middle Eastern countries, aiming at revealing the reasons, analyzing the impacts and discussing the settlement of disputes, rather than limiting to a description of territorial disputes themselves.In order to resolve the territorial disputes, we must first figure out the reasons for the disputes. Despite territory is the most powerful element of annotation to national sovereignty, however, the territorial disputes are obviously not the contest with pure territory, but directly related to the strategic position of the territory itself and resources in contested territories. For example, the Aegean dispute between Greece and Turkey, the Golan Heights issue between Israel and Syrian are closely related to the strategic value of the Aegean and the Golan Heights themselves. Again, the territorial issues among the Gulf monarchies can fundamentally be regarded as resource-based disputes. However, the idea is the basis of interest building. Territorial disputes have a lot to do with concepts of history, nation and interest of leaders and people of countries in the Middle East. In addition, the intervention of foreign forces often triggered or exacerbated territorial disputes among the relevant countries.Effects of territorial issues among the Middle Eastern countries are important and multi-faceted. From the content of the impact, it involves politics and economy and so on. From the scope of the effect, include nation, region and globe three levels. The reasons for territorial disputes are complex in the Middle East, so the solution of issues does not only mean the division of territory itself and the distribution of interests, but also involves in change of concepts of the related countries and adoption of appropriate approaches. Therefore, elimination of territorial disputes needs some subjective and objective conditions and an appropriate way accepted by all parties concerned, as well as mediation of outside forces in the Middle East. Some territorial disputes are extremely drastic, the parties are almost unable to solve them, under the circumstances, this kind of catalysis of external conditions appears particularly important. The countries concerned must be based on national equality, mutual respect, mutual benefit and win-win, and peaceful coexistence and so on, get rid of border disputes by a serious consultation and mutual trust and co-operation together so that the boundary will not become the obstacle to communication and the root of conflicts, but only is a symbol of the nation-state and a geographical area of effective exercise of the power of nation-state.Territorial disputes have some diachronic and synchronic features in the Middle East. From a diachronic perspective, ideology factors and security factors and the intensity of territorial disputes are different during the Cold War and after the Cold War. From a synchronic perspective, compared with other regions, territorial disputes possess universality, complexity, explosivity and globality and so on in the Middle East. Additionally, the pan-nationalism affects territorial issues in different ways in different regions.更多还原