【作者】 罗朝慧；

【导师】 张桂琳；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 政治学理论， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 黑格尔的权利哲学,实际上正是人类自由的必然性与现实性内涵所构成的思想体系,其历史性生长发展的“土壤”或“动力”,正在于生生不息进行着“知”和“自知”活动的人类精神自身。因此,黑格尔的权利哲学,决不能机械地和外在地被了解为若干“正——反——合”三段论式的形式逻辑关系。相反,它正是人类精神自身的自然、道德及理性三种必然性自由本性的永恒活动与实践创造。可以说,黑格尔政治哲学的自由与权利体系,正是人类自身现实存在的全部真理的体现,同时是人类精神的实践创造物——政治世界——的真理和意义的体现。具体说,就是人类自身精神的自然、道德和理性必然性自由本性及其客观权利的历史性实现,在认知及论证方法上,则是事实、价值和理性三种必然性原则的结合与统一。由此,黑格尔政治哲学克服了近代自由与权利政治思想的理论内容跟其论证方法的分离性不足,即在理论上,个人的三种必然性自由与权利相互分离和排斥,在论证上,三种必然性原则或者相互混淆与僭越、或者相互独立和排斥。黑格尔的权利哲学,首先承认并尊重个人作为自然有机体生命存在的原始既定事实,将其实现为个人的生命权及财产所有权。但是,黑格尔反对将个人所有权的自然必然性权利绝对化,因为它必然导致不平等、以及暴力和犯罪。其次,个人在本质上作为主观自我意识的理性精神主体,同时即是自在的道德主体,必须拥有内在的主观自由权,即“我的主体责任、我的意图以及我的福利”。这就是个人的道德必然性主体自治权利。然而道德上的这种“主体自治”权利贯彻到底,将必然导致它的自我叛离,即邪恶与伪善,奴役与专制。黑格尔因此认为,个人所有权与主体尊严、权利与义务,只有在现实的伦理生活组织中,即作为家庭、市民社会以及国家的成员才能得到具体实现。通过直接的爱和信任,个人在家庭中实现其自然和道德必然性权利内在的直接统一;在市民社会中,个人在自然和道德方面的个体特殊性与主观性自由获得充分实现。然而,以特殊性为原则的市民社会,无法照顾或解决其自身内“自然状态残余”造成的个人或家庭之间财产所有权的不平等、生存权的不平等以及贫困化问题。正是在这个意义上,黑格尔认为,普遍的人的个体生存权、特殊福利及道德尊严,只有在国家及其宪法体制下的伦理和政治秩序中,才能真正获得客观而稳固安全的制度性尊重、肯定和实现。人类精神自身自由本性的理性必然性与现实性,才由此获得了与之相一致的实体性客观存在。黑格尔权利哲学的超越性意义和价值正在于:它实现了人类自身真理与政治社会真理和意义的统一。现实政治社会必须承认并尊重个人内在的自然性与精神性、特殊性与普遍性品格,尊重并保护所有个体的自然、道德及理性必然性自由与权利。马克思社会批判的实践哲学,正是吸取了黑格尔权利哲学的思想精髓。黑格尔从人类精神中发现了世界真理和责任,马克思则从人类的物质生存和实践改造中发现了如何实现人类真理和世界责任的秘密。显然,黑格尔使马克思明确了社会批判和实践改造的方向,同时马克思认识到黑格尔精神的实践批判无法也无力代替物质的和实践的批判。更多还原

【Abstract】 Hegel’s right philosophy is the ideas system of the necessity and actuality of human being’s freedom and right,which grows from man’s own knowing and self-knowing spirit that continually moves and creates for ever.Hegel’s fight philosophy is the eternal movement and practical creation of man’s own spirit’s necessary natural,moral and rational freedom,which can’t be conceived mechanically or externally as thesyllogical positive-negative-synthesis in formal logic.So it can be said that Hegel’s fight philosophty shows that the truth of human being’s spirit in conformity with that of the political world.Expressedly it is the actualization history of all every individul’s necessary natural,moral,and rational freedom and their objective right,which is in conformity with the rational cognition principle of politic world,namely the unity of the three necessary judgement principle of fact,value and reason.So Hegel’s political philosophy have overcome the separation between the ideas of freedom and its method in modern political thoughts.In theory man’s three necessary freedom and right mutually separates and excludes, but methodologically the three necessary principles of the fact,value and reason mix up or arrogate,and independently excludes each other.Hegel’s political philosophy,for the first time,acknowledgs and respects person’s individual natural exsitence in his immediate being, whose external freedom is fulfiled as the necessary right of life and property.But Hegel opposed to conceive the person’s property as absolute freedom,it will inevitably bring inequailty,violence and crime.More importantly the individual,being a spiritual rational sef-consciousness subject,is a moral subject in himself,who must have his internal and subjective freedom that is fulfilled as my subjective responsibility,my intention and my welfare.This is a individual’s necessary moral right to self-determined.But in Hegel’s viewpoint,if this necessary morality is carried out immediately,it will lead to evil or hypocrisy,and slavery or autocracy.So Hegel thinks that the individual’s necessary property and subjective moral dignity,or right and duty,must be realized in the practical ethic life,especially as a member of one family,society and a state.In the family, the individual can realize his right and morally subjective freedom through the immediate natural love and trust.In the civil society,individual’s own subjectivity and particularity of his necessary natural and moral freedom are liberated adequately,at the same time,his life right and security obtains undisturbly external safeguard.However the civil society,because of its main principle of particularity,can’t resolve the inequality of life right and resources possession and poverty problem of individuals and famlies,who live in freedom of a so-called state of nature.Just in this senses,Hegel believes that each single man’s unviversally equal life right,concrete welfare and his moral dignity are universally respected and steadily protected only in an ethical politic order of the state and its constitution.Now,the individuals’ universal rational self-awareness of his freedom nature is objectively presented and known universally in the state’s constitution.The surpassing meaning and value of Hegel’s political philosophy lies in the realization of the unity of the truth of human being and the rationality of political world.So the practical social-political world must acknowledges and respects the individuals internal necessary character of natural,moral and rational nature,or his particularity and university of freedom in his concrete existence,guaranteeing their necessary natural,moral and rational freedom to be fulfiled as objective right.Marx’s practical and critical philosophy in fact absorbs the soul of Hegel’s spiritually critical philosophy.Hegel founds the truth of world and responsibity in man’s own spirit,but Marx founds the secret of making man’s own truth and duty come true through material and practical change.Obviously it is Hegel that makes Marx recognize the direction of social criticism and practical change.At the same time Marx realizes that Hegel’s spiritual criticism cannot replace the criticism of material or practical change.更多还原