【作者】 李严昌；

【导师】 陈红太；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 政治学理论， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 作为一种价值理念,政府回应首先来自于西方的民主实践和公共管理实践,同时也是系统的政府管理理论和行政理念的逻辑延伸。自上世纪80年代以来,西方一些国家在政府改革中提出了增进政府的责任性、回应性和效率的目标,政府回应逐渐成为各国政府和学术界所共同关注的热门话题。本世纪初,政府回应性的价值理念为中国学者所接受,但与此同时,中国学者也将政府回应作为一个政治过程来理解,以期用西方的政府回应理念指导中国的政治回应实践。作为政治过程,政府回应就是在公共管理过程中,政府对公民的要求作出反应和答复的过程,本质上是公民与政府的互动过程。政治系统理论、人民主权理论、治理理论和群众路线理论是中国政府回应的主要理论基础。一个完整的政府回应过程,由回应主体、回应对象、回应客体、回应渠道和回应反馈五部分组成。对中国政府回应过程而言,回应主体是狭义政府即行政机关,回应对象是个体性的公民,回应客体是公民的要求,既包括明确表达出来的要求,也包括潜在的要求。根据回应客体的不同,可以将政府回应过程分为被动回应和主动回应。根据政治系统论,政府回应是政府系统与环境的互动。因此,当代中国政府回应的环境对政府回应过程有重要影响。政治文化传统、市场化改革、政治体制和意识形态以及全球化的国际环境既给政府回应提供了有利的支持,同时也带来一些不利影响,在很大程度塑造了当代中国政府回应过程的基本特征。当代中国政府回应的动力主要来自两个方面:一是来自政府自身的动力,二是来自政府外部的压力。就政府自身而言,政府利益虽然是政府回应的一大动力,但往往造成不公和腐败,忽视弱势群体的利益诉求;政府内部制度尤其是科层制不健全,缺乏责任机制,领导指令成为主要动力来源;行政文化虽然有意识形态的引导,但同时深受传统人治文化的影响。就外部动力而言,中国共产党与政府关系极为密切,弱化了其对政府的督促能力;公共舆论的压力作用由于受到政府的管制而削弱;新技术对政府回应的动力作用则是刚刚显现。被动回应是政府回应的基本形式。就当代中国政府被动回应过程来看,公民向政府提出的要求往往是政府侵犯其利益的结果,公民接近政府的渠道并不畅通。直接性利益表达是中国公民提出要求的主要方式。不仅如此,即使公民的要求到达政府,也常常遇到“体制性迟钝”,这是造成群体性事件的根本原因。这种“体制性迟钝”凸显了人的因素在政府被动回应中的重要性。由于政府回应的不及时不公正不合理往往引发更多而且升级化的公民诉求,这就是被动回应的示范效应。主动回应是中国意识形态和群众路线的要求,因此中国政府非常重视主动回应。政府界定问题提出方案的民意基础主要来自于党政权力精英的“内输入”。政府主动回应过程的重点环节在于对民意的征询和了解,从现状来看,尽管存在一些征询民意的渠道,但尚未规范化和制度化,人治的因素还较多。“伪主动回应”是当代中国地方政府主动回应中的一个重要现象。而真正的政府主动吸纳民意能够起到对公民参与的替代效应。基于中国政府回应的特殊环境和动力不足、政府强势、人治色彩浓厚、共产党起核心作用等特征,未来要增进中国政府回应性应坚持三个发展方向:坚持约束政府权力与强化政府责任并举;坚持将推进政府回应的制度化和加强行政伦理建设并举;坚持通过完善共产党与人民的沟通机制来带动政府回应。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a value,govemment responsiveness comes first from westem democracy practice and public management practice,in the meantime,it also is the logic extension of the government management theories and the administration principle.Since 1980’s,some western countries put forward that the target of government reform is to promote government responsibility,responsiveness and efficiency.Government responsiveness gradually becomes a hot issue that governments and academic circles concern in all countries.At the beginning of this century,the value of the government responsiveness are accepted by Chinese scholars,but at the same time,the Chinese scholars consider government response as a political process,and want to use government responsiveness from the West to instruct the practice of China government response.As a political process,government response is a process that government reacts and replies to citizen’s request in the public management.It essentially is an interactive process between citizen and government.Plitical System Theory,Popular Sovereignty Theory, Governance Theory and Mass Line Theory are main theories foundations of the Chinese government respond.The process of government response consists of response subject,response object,response content,response channel and response feedback.For Chinese government response process, response subject is administration organization,respond object is an individual citizen,response content is request of citizen,which includes both manifest request and latent request.According to the dissimilarity of response content,government response is divided into passive response and active response. According to Political System Theory,government response is interaction between govemment system and the environment.Therefore, the environment has important influence to contemporary government response process.The political cultural tradition,market-oriented reform, political system,ideology and globalization provide government response beneficial supports,and bring some disadvantageous influence in the meantime.They mold basic characteristic of the contemporary Chinese government response process in great degree.The impetus of the contemporary Chinese government respond mainly comes from government’s motive and exterior pressure.Although governmental interest is a main motive of the government respond,it usually results in unjustice and corruption and neglects the benefit claim of minority community.In the government internal system,bureaucracy is incomplete and lacks responsibility mechanism.So leader’s instruction becomes main driving source.Administrative culture is directed by ideology,meanwhile is deeply influenced by the traditional culture of rule of man.In regard to exterior motive,the relation between CCP and Chinese government is very close,so its ability to supervise government is limited. The pressure from public opinion is weakened because of government regulation.Only recently the impetus of new technique to government response is presented.Passive response is a basic form of government response.In the process of contemporary Chinese government passive response,the request that a citizen put forward toward the government is usually a result that government infringes upon his interest,and the channel through which a citizen is close to governmental isn’t expedite.The direct interest expression is a main way that the Chinese citizen put forward a request. Not only such,even the request of citizen arrive to government,it usually meet "inaction of system",which is a basic reason for group events. "Inaction of system" gives prominence to man in the process of government passive response.Unjust government response usually causes more and violent claims from citizen.This is the demonstration effect of passive response.Active response is request of Chinese ideology and Mass Line Theory, so Chinese government values active response very much.Public opinion that helps government define problem and put forward the project comes mainly from "inner input" of political elites.The key of government active response is consulting the public.At present,though there are some channels through which government consults the public,they aren’t systemized,so the factor of man is still more important."False active response" is an important phenomenon in the process of local government active response in contemporary Chinese.But real active response can absorb public opinion,so it can substitute citizen’s participation.Considering special environment and characteristics of Chinese government response,to promote Chinese government responsiveness,we should insist on three development directions in the future:Insist on limiting government power and raising government responsibility;Insist on systemizing government response and constructing administrative ethics; Insist on perfecting the communication mechanism between CCP and people to arouse government response.更多还原