【作者】 杨永康；

【导师】 周健；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 军事法学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 寻找新的突破口和切入点,扩展和深化处于蓬勃发展阶段的年轻的军事法学学科是所有军事法研究者面临的重要课题。批判借鉴国外比较成熟的军事法学研究成果无疑为我们推进军事法学学科发展提供了一种可资利用的研究路径。在当今世界众多的国家中,美国作为唯一的超级大国,支持其超级大国地位的一个重要的支柱是其强大的军事实力,探讨军事在美国崛起的过程中所起的作用无疑具有重要的理论和现实意义。受制度主义即法制主义传统的影响,美国军事生活被当然地纳入法律调整的范围。法学方法为军事活动提供了稳定、权威的制度规则。在这个规范的过程中,宪法所起的根本性作用不言而喻。宪法的崇高性与军事法学研究对象的特殊性决定了从宪法的视角去解读军事法学的重要性。本文通过对大量第一手资料的研究,运用文献考证法、案例分析法、历史分析法、比较研究法等多种研究方法对美国宪法军事条款的渊源、产生和发展进行了系统的论述,试图从宪法的角度还原“真实的”美国军事法的发展历程和现状,同时兼及分析军事法研究领域中一些重大理论问题,以求深化军事法学的研究。同时笔者还想通过美国宪法军事条款的研究,加深我们对于军事规律的认识,并从一个独特的角度寻求国家长远性的发展的一种理论性支撑。以历时性社会发展为视角,本文分为三大部分:第一部分论述了美国宪法军事条款的渊源。欧洲立宪理论为美国宪法军事条款的产生提供了理论上的支撑,它使制宪者明白,权力的存在必须受到制衡,不受约束的权力必将导致权力的滥用,尤其是军事权力的创设、保障和控制更应遵循这一原则。同时,英国殖民北美的历史,不仅影响到了制宪者对于军事的认知,而且英国的军事法律制度成为了美国军事立法的模板和直接“参照物”。北美殖民地时期基本法规范中军事规定引领下的实践则为美国宪法军事条款的产生提供了实践渊源。邦联时期美国面临的军事形势成为推动制宪会议召开的重要因素。军事也成为制宪会议上讨论的重要议题,制宪会议上代表们的辩论和妥协,最终促使了美国宪法军事条款的产生,这是本文第二部分讨论的话题。在制宪会议上,代表们围绕如何认识战争与安全、应该设立什么样的军事制度、如何提高军事行动的效率展开激烈的争论,最终宪法文本的规定很好地将权力分立与制衡、联邦制和人民主权等重要的原则体现于宪法的军事条款之中。美国宪法军事条款并不是一个完美无缺的政治体制设计,一开始不是现在也不是。美国宪法自诞生时起,就不断遇到严峻挑战,屡次出现危机,实践促使美国宪法军事条款不得不随着时代的进步而不断发展,这种发展不是宪法文本的改变,而是其内涵的重要变迁,这是本文第三部门讨论的问题,包括了正文的第三章、第四章和第五章。这一部分,笔者依托大量典型的案例、重要的立法以及具有历史意义的事件,详细地阐述了美国宪法的不同军事条款在不同的历史时期面临的挑战、进行的修正和内涵的变化发展。通过对跌宕起伏的美国社会发展中宪法军事条款命运的探索,笔者认为美国宪法军事条款维护了美国的统一和稳定、为美国全球霸权体系的形成提供了合法性的理论依据,也成为联邦政府各部门和各种社会力量群体争取其自身权力和权益的宪政基础。同时,美国宪法的军事条款也不断为判例所修正、为立法所完善并为历史所发展。经过两百多年的发展,美国宪法已经从“防卫型宪法”跃升为“战斗性宪法”。战时或紧急情况下,美国宪政机制的各个部门能迅速有效地达成默契,密切配合,并以“同一声音说话”,但在战争的硝烟散去之后、危机的情势逐渐缓和之时或者和平的曙光即将来临之际,各个部门会快速的以宪法军事条款的规定为依据,有效地恢复战时或紧急情况下失衡的权力格局,并使之达到完全平衡的状态,这或许是二百多年来,在这套精妙的宪政框架下,虽然美国不断地对外“玩火”,但难以出现“自焚”下场的奥妙所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is an important issue for all researchers in the field of military law to search for new path and method to deepen the study on military law that is not fully developed in China yet. With no doubt, to refer our study to overseas experience and research achievements in such field is an effective and easily accessible way. Being the current only super-power across the world, the U.S. has a fundamental basis to support its current super status, i.e. its military power. It obviously carries an important theoretical and realistic significance to analyze the role and function of military power which has played in the rising of the United States. Under the influence of institutionalism, or to say, legalism, the American military issues is unavoidably incorporated into the governance of law. The latter has provided stable and authoritative institutions and rules that regulate the military issues. It is self-evident that the Constitution plays a fundamental role in such a regulatory process. Both the supreme authority of the Constitution and the peculiarity of the research object of military law determine the importance of which the military law should be studied with a constitutional view.On the basis of plenty of first hand data and on the strength of various research methods such as literature approach, case study, historical and analytical method and the method of comparative research, this thesis systematically demonstrates the resource, generation and development of the military clauses in the U.S. Constitution. It also intends to, from a constitutional research angle, rebuild the“authentic”development process of the American military law, and to analyze and answer several major theoretical questions in the field of military law so as to broaden our research view on military law. In addition, it aims to promote our understanding on military rules itself, and search for a theoretical ground for the long-term prosperity of the State from a peculiar research angle.This thesis is divided into three parts with a chronological view to social development:The first part is mainly concerned with the resource of the military clauses in the U.S. Constitution. The European constitutionalism provides a theoretical basis for the generation of the military clauses in the U.S. Constitution. It makes Framers understand that power must be placed under control, or otherwise, it will be abused. In particular, the establishment, guarantee and control of military powers must be operated by following such principles. Meanwhile, English colonial history in the North America has brought a far-reaching bearing for the Framers to understand what is military, and English military law also became a model for America military law-making at that time. The practice guided by the military provisions of basic laws that functioned at the early stage of colonial period provided a practical foundation for the generation of the military clauses in the U.S. Constitution.The military conditions of the U.S. at the confederation period became an important factor that accelerated the occurrence of the Constitutional Convention. The military thus became a very important topic during such convention. At that time, after the back and forth debate and compromise between the representatives who took part in the convention, the military clauses in the U.S. Constitution came into being at last. These issues are to be discussed in the second part of this thesis. On the Constitutional convention, Framers focused their debates on how to define the meaning of war and peace, what kind of military establishment should be set up, and how to enhance the efficiency of military actions. At last, the final Constitution, to a relatively satisfactory degree, embodied such important principles as the check and balance of powers, the federalism and the people’s sovereign in its military clauses.However, the military clauses in the U.S. Constitution can not be deemed as an impeccable political system design. Since the birth of the U. S. Constitution, it has been strongly challenged without stop and has experienced serious crisis for several times. The actual social environment requires that it must be changed with times. Of course, such changes are not the ones to the script itself, but the ones to its spirit. This is to be discussed in the third part of this thesis, mainly including Chapters 3, 4 and 5. In this part, with plenty of typical cases, important legislation examples and historical issues, it illustrates the various challenges faced by the military clauses at different stages of the social development, as well as its amendments and the evolvement of its spirit.Through exploring the development process of the military clauses in the U.S. Constitution, the thesis argues that the military clauses has maintained the unification and stability of the U.S., provides a lawful theory basis for the shaping of the America global hegemony position, and also becomes the constitutional basis for various departments of the federal government and all sectors of society to obtain their respective powers and rights. Meanwhile, the military clauses has been continuously amended by the cases and legislations. During the past two hundred years, the U.S. constitution has been transformed from a“defense-oriented constitution”into an“fighting constitution”. During a war or under emergency, the various departments under America constitutional mechanism can rapidly reach consensus and mutually cooperate, and more importantly, speak with one voice. On the other hand, once the war or emergency disappears, they can also rapidly restore the original check and balance situations on the basis of the provisions of the military clauses, and make the political system fully balanced. This may be the greatest secret for America to avoid itself from trouble even it has frequently intervened the international affairs over the past two hundred years.更多还原