【作者】 姜子英；

【导师】 程建平； 潘自强；

【作者基本信息】 清华大学 ， 核科学与技术， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 我国的能源结构以煤为主,对环境压力已成为可持续发展的重要制约因素,为减轻污染和减排温室气体,以一定规模的其他能源代替化石燃料,发展核电是现实可行的途径。另一方面,我国经济发展与环境保护尚未有效融合,成为可持续发展的瓶颈问题,关键原因是缺乏把环境成本融入传统经济价值体系中。在此背景下,本文对我国煤电与核电的外部成本进行了初步研究。本文应用影响路径分析方法建立了核电链与煤电链的外部成本计量框架,主要步骤是:(1)对能源链系统的描述,确定系统边界和分析范围。(2)环境负担的确定和计量。(3)影响优先级的确定和影响的计量。(4)价值计量和总的外部成本。外部成本货币化需要使用市场的和非市场的计量技术。本文使用了市场价格法、替代/修复成本法、防护费用法、支付意愿法、疾病成本法,基于政策规定中的价值标准的方法,以及收益移植方法计量不同影响的价值。煤电链与核电链的外部成本分别为3.80×10-1元/kWh和3.31×10-3元/kWh。核电链与煤电链比较:(1)煤电链排放大量的化学污染物,核电链由于间接能耗排放少量非放射性污染物。大气污染物排放量煤电比核电高1~2个数量级。(2)核电链有少量气态和液态放射性排放到环境中,产生少量固体放射性废物被封闭处理。煤电链由于燃煤将煤中天然放射性核素转移到环境中。辐射健康危险煤电链是核电链的43倍。(3)总的外部成本煤电链是核电链的115倍。与国际研究相比:(1)一致的结论是:核电是清洁的、煤电的环境影响严重。(2)我国煤电链的外部成本构成同发达国家有明显的差异。(3)我国煤电的外部成本比核电高100多倍,这一比值远高于发达国家。(4)煤电外部成本高昂的主要直接原因是煤耗高、环保设施效率低。从环保标准、废物处置和事故应对等方面来看,核电是环境友好的能源。外部成本反映出当前存在的问题:(1)以煤为主的能源结构是我国环境问题的主要原因,煤电是能源环境问题的核心。(2)我国对环境价值,尤其是人的健康和生命的价值认知不足。(3)能源价格机制不合理。能源可持续发展建议:(1)节约能源、提高能源效率。(2)调整和优化能源结构。(3)改变能源利用方式。(4)发展环境友好能源战略。更多还原

【Abstract】 Coal is main energy source in China and the environmental pressures from coal combustion become important restricted factors in sustainable development. To reduce pollution and greenhouse gases, it need develop some other large-scaled energy source to substitute the conventional fossil fuels and developing nuclear power is one practical and feasible approach. In another hand, it become the bottle-neck issue in sustainable development that economy development and environment protection being not organically combined, which key reason is lack of the fusion of environment cost and the traditional economic value system. Under such background, the external cost of coal power and nuclear power in China were preliminarily studied.Appling Impact Pathway Analysis (IPA) approach, the accounting framework of externalities of nuclear power and coal power were established, main steps: (1) Description of the energy chain and defining the boundaries of the analysis; (2) Identification and quantification of the environmental burdens; (3) Prioritization and quantification of the impacts; (4) Economic valuation and the aggregated externalities.Externalities of coal power chain and nuclear power chain are 3.80×10-1 and 3.31×10-3 Yuan/kWh. Comparison of coal and nuclear power: (1) Coal power chain emit large quantity of chemical pollutants and nuclear power chain indirectly emit little non-radiation pollutants due to other energy consumption. Normalized emissions of atmospheric pollutants from coal power chain are 1~2 orders of magnitudes higher than that from nuclear power chain. (2) Nuclear power chain discharge little radioactive gaseous and liquid effluent to the environment and little solid waste are disposed closely. While coal power chain transfer the natural radionuclide in coal into environment during coal combustion. Radiological health impacts of coal power chain are 43 times higher than that of nuclear power chain. (3) Externalities of coal power chain are 115 times higher than that of nuclear power chain.Comparison with foreign studies: (1) The same conclusions: nuclear power is clean and coal power causes serious environment impacts. (2) The externalities component proportion of coal power chain in China is obviously different from that of advanced countries. (3) Externalities of coal power are 100 times higher more than that of nuclear power in China, and this ratio is much higher than in advanced countries. (4) High consumption of coal and low efficiency of environmental protection facilities are major direct reasons for the high external cost of coal power.According to the environmental protection standards, waste disposal and measures against accidents, nuclear power is environment-friendly energy. Through external cost found the existent challenges: (1) The essential reason of environmental problems is coal-based energy consumption structure, and coal power is the core issue. (2) Cognition of the environment values, especially the values of human health and life, is insufficient. (3) Price mechanism is unreasonable.Suggestions for energy sustainable development: (1) Save energy and improve energy utilization efficiency. (2) Adjust and optimize energy structure. (3) Change the way of energy utilization. (4) Implement environment-friendly energy strategy.更多还原