【作者】 田小飞；

【导师】 吴彤；

【作者基本信息】 清华大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 当代科学哲学具有明显的自然主义倾向。通过坚持认识论与经验科学之间的连续性,自然主义使当代科学哲学的研究主题和研究方式发生了一系列转变,并力图为我们展现一个更为宽广的有关科学的图景。然而,经验科学的描述性立场与传统认识论的规范性诉求之间的二元对立始终是自然主义科学哲学的一个核心理论困境,并制约着各种自然主义理论的演进和发展。本文针对这一理论困境,对当代自然主义科学哲学进行多维审视,在揭示自然主义对科学哲学以及科学自身的理解方面所具有的重要作用的同时,分析蕴涵于各种自然主义进路中的规范性策略。首先,本文在概念上对自然主义和规范性做了阐释。在追溯了自然主义的历史基础上,提出了本文所研究的自然主义概念。同时,通过比较传统认识论的规范性诉求与自然主义的描述性立场,具体明确了自然主义的规范性问题;其次,本文分别从自然、历史、社会和实践的角度对当代科学哲学中的自然主义进行了多维透视。四个维度的选择一方面基于科学的不同属性,另一方面基于不同经验科学的引入。自然主义通过将不同的经验学科与认识论联系起来,凸显了科学的不同维度。然而,任何单一的维度都不能促进我们对科学的整体理解,因此需要一种融贯的研究视角;再次,本文研究了自然主义科学哲学的核心理论困境即规范性问题。对这一问题的具体解决路径主要包括:规范性的消除主义、规范性的工具主义、将规范性诉诸于自然因果必然性、将规范性诉诸于社会历史必然性以及将规范性诉诸于实践情境等。本文具体分析了这些路径的意义及其可能的缺陷;最后,本文认为,基于实践的融贯自然主义通过将科学理解为实践,不仅坚持了对科学的多学科融合研究,从而拓展了科学哲学的研究方式,而且凸显了科学的多维度特征,丰富了我们对科学自身的理解。同时,这种融贯自然主义通过对表征主义及与之密切相关的二元论思维的消解,将规范性奠基于实践情境,从而为规范性问题的解决提供了一个新的方向,在理论和实践中都具有一定的积极意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Contemporary philosophy of science has an obvious naturalistic tendency. Through the insistence on the continuity between epistemology and empirical science, naturalism has induced a series of changes in the research subjects and methods of contemporary philosophy of science, and tries to provide a much broader prospect of science. However, the dualistic opposition between descriptive position of empirical science and the normative appeal of traditional epistemology is always a key theoretical dilemma of naturalistic philosophy of science, and restricts the evolution and development of different kinds of naturalistic theory.This dissertation is devoted to a multi-dimensional survey of contemporary naturalistic philosophy of science aiming at the theoretical dilemma. It reveals the important role naturalism plays in understanding philosophy of science and science per se, and at the same time it analyzes different normative strategies implied in vaious naturalistic approaches.To begin with, this dissertation interprets the concepts of naturalism and normativity. Based on a review of the history of naturalism, it poses the concept of naturalism studied by this text. In the meantime, this dissertation nails down the problem of normativity in naturalism by comparing the normative appeal of traditional epistemology and the descriptive stance of naturalism.Next, this text adopts a multi-dimensional perspective on naturalism in contemporary philosophy of science respectively from natural, historical, sociological and practical angles. The selection of these four dimensions is on the one hand based on different scientific properties and on the other hand, on the introduction of different empirical sciences. Naturalism throws different dimensions of science into relief by linking different empirical sciences and epistemology together. However, no single dimension can contribute to our holistic understanding of science, which renders a coherent research perspective necessary.Thirdly, this dissertation studies the key theoretical dilemma of naturalistic philosophy of science, that is, the problem of normativity. The specific approaches to this problem include: eliminativist strategy, instrumentalist strategy, the appeal of normativity to natural causal necessity, the appeal of normativity to social-historical necessity, and the appeal of normativity to practical situation, etc. This text makes a detailed analysis of the significance of these approaches and their possible limitations.Lastly, this text contends that by understanding science as practice, coherent naturalism based on practice not only sticks to multidisciplinary research of science, thus expanding research methods of philosophy of science, but also makes the multi-dimensional characteristic of science stand out, enriching our understanding of science per se. At the same time, this coherent naturalism grounds normativity on practical situation by way of deconstructing representationism and dualistic thinking which is closely related to it, thus providing a new direction for resolving the problem of normativity, which is of some positive significance both in theory and in practice.更多还原