【作者】 董倩；

【导师】 王家范；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 本文选取了青海这一西部边陲地区为研究对象,试图对明清青海地区商品经济和市场体系进行较为深入的探究。写作中在把握整体的基础上,以典型案例研究为基本手段,也吸收了地理学、经济学、民族学、社会学的一些理论和方法,对涉及青海商品经济与市场体系的主要问题进行逐次剖析。笔者认为青海独特的自然地理环境,对其商品经济发展模式有着深刻的影响。通过对青海商品经济与市场相互关系的考察,解析了明清青海商品经济既有一定的发展,发展又滞后于其他地区的原因。通过对青海的农牧业、手工业、市镇及商贸市场等问题的探析,勾勒出明清时期青海地区商品经济发展的基本状貌。认为青海商品经济的发展处于一种细碎性和零散性状态。通过对明清青海各类商人群体等问题的深入透析,认为在影响青海商品经济向前发展的各项因素中,寺商、歇家的作用不容忽视,但制度层面仍然起着决定性的影响。第1部分“绪论”,对近些年有关明清青海商品经济与市场史研究现状进行整理与介绍,阐明本文研究的主要内容与研究方法及预期解决的问题。第2部分“历史回溯:青海开发的历史进程及其特点”。从青海经济开发入手,阐述不同时期青海经济开发的历史特点及其局限。同时分时段论述明清时期青海经济发展的区域特征及外在影响力,本章是明清青海商品经济与市场体系研究展开的基础与前提条件。第3部分“经济部门的生产结构与分布格局”。商品生产是商品流通的前提与基础,明清时期青海的商品生产既有时段性特征,又有地区性特点。本部分主要分析明清时期青海农业、畜牧业、手工业等经济部门的生产结构与分布格局。围绕需求与供给的关系入手,总结明清青海商品生产的地区特征,阐述它与青海地方商品输出的关系。第4部分“商业运动的承担者:商业与商人群体”。主要阐述明清时期青海外部商业资本的楔入、本地商业资本的崛起及各种商人群体及其活动特点。采取分类研究的方法,研究山陕商人、回商、特殊商人即歇家、寺商的发展进程与分布概况,主旨则在于揭示本区各类商人的发展、分布及其经商能力及对当时青海商品经济发展的影响。第5部分“城市、集市与市场体系”。主要针对明清时期青海地区城市商业布局加以总体分析,阐释商业城市在本地区的特殊职能与时代特征;明清青海农村市场研究大体包括两方面的内容,集市是其中最基本的内容。明初青海集市即呈现出点状分布的格局,清代中期基本上形成区域集市网络结构。受自然环境条件及生产力发展水平的制约,牧业区、农牧区、农业区三区并非同步发展,但它是青海广大农牧区商品交换的总基地与区域间联系的中间站。庙会、寺集作为不定期集市在明清时期青海城乡之间、农牧之间呈现出普遍发展的势头,其商业功能在本区域中占有举足轻重的地位,与这一地区的环境、社会经济发展进程有很大的关系;从青海商业市场的层级及其在各地区所表现出来的差异性方面入手,进行更深一层次的考察,旨在揭示出不同的自然环境所形成各地区不同的市场结构,进而形成明清青海商品流通的总体格局及地域特征。第6部分“商品经济的脉动:商路分析”主要分析了明清青海内部商品流通的路线状态,与全国各商路联系等问题。明清青海的商路发展过程中受到自然因素影响之外,还受到时段性人文因素的干扰,明清两代变化较大。直接影响到区域商业中心的分布格局,分析商路是研究青海商业市场与流通格局的基础。第7部分“结语”总结认为,明清两代青海商品经济曾有过发展的时期,无论从市场发育,亦或商品流通上均表现明显。然而农业区、农牧区、牧业区发展并非同步,农业区起步较早,明中叶商业市场出现点状分布,清中叶是青海商品经济发展的鼎盛时期,商业市场增多,商品流通频繁,经济发展呈现出勃勃生机。但总体来说,明清青海经济发展仍然是建立在自给自足自然经济还相当牢固的基础上的商品经济,在这种经济条件下,它的市场发育往往表现出空间的不完善与区域发展不平衡性。虽然在一些大宗商品的流通上,往往呈现出省域市场统一的流通局面,但在各区内部商品流通则呈现出小区域的分散格局,这种流通渠道的不畅通与市场影响力的低弱是限制青海经济迈向近代化发展的一个严重障碍。更多还原

【Abstract】 This article has had an in-depth study of the regional commodity economy and market system of Qinghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties by selecting Qinghai ,a region on the western part of China as the object of study. The article absorbs the theory and methods of geography, ecology, economics, ethnology and sociology in order to analyze the main issues involving Qinghai commodity economy and the market system by using typical research as its means of study.According to the article, the unique geographical environment of Qinghai has a profound impact on the developing mode of its development of commodity economy. Through the study of the relationship between Qinghai commodity economy and market, it analysis the reason of the backwardness of the development of commodity economy of Qinghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Through the analysis of the problem of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, commerce and municipal markets of Qinghai, the basic commodities form of the region’s economic development of Qinghai in Ming and Qing Dynasties has been outlined. The author therefore holds the opinion that the development of commodity economy of Qinghai was at that time in a fragmented and chronology status. By the in-depth analysis of the various business groups in Ming and Qing Dynasties in Qinghai, it is proved that among the various factors that influence Qinghai in the development of commodity economy, the role of the temple merchants and Xiejia merchants can not be ignored, but the system still plays a decisive role.Part 1 is the "introduction" of the research which has been done about Qinghai in Ming and Qing Dynasties in recent years about the commodity economy and market history, and then set out the main elements of this paper, the research methodology and problems expected to resolve.Part 2 is in history: the historical process of development in Qinghai and its characteristics. " From the perspective of economic development in Qinghai, the economic development of different periods in history, its characteristics and its limitations are analyzed. Meanwhile the regional characteristics and the external influence in different periods in Ming and Qing dynasties are detailed. This chapter is the the foundation and precondition to further explore the Qinghai commodity economy and the market system in Ming and Qing DynastiesPart 3 "sectors of the economy’s production structure and distribution pattern. " Production of goods is the premise and foundation of commodities circulation of the Ming and Qing Dynasties of Qinghai and the commodity production then has both the periodical and regional characteristics. The part mainly analyses the economy’s production structure and distribution pattern of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, and other sectors of Qinghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Focus on the relationship between supply and demand it sums up the regional characteristics of the commodity production and elaborates the relationship between commodity production and exports.Part 4 "commercial campaign commitment: business and business groups" mainly expounds the entering of the main commercial capital , the rise of the local commercial capital and various business groups and the characteristics their activities. Taking classifications research methods to study the development process and the distribution area of the businessmen of Shanxi and Shaanxi, businessmen of Hui nationality, special businessmen Xiejia, and Temple businessmen ,in which the main idea is to reveal the distribution areas of the various types of businessmen , their development, and their abilities to do business and their influence on the development of commodity economy in Qinghai.Part 5 is of the "city, market and the market system. " It mainly discusses the overall layout of the city business areas of Qinghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties so as to explain the special functions and characteristics of the commercial city in the region of the times; The general market research are mainly in two areas in the study of the rural market system of Qinghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in which market is the most basic. Market of Qinghai in the early Ming Dynasty is showing a pattern of distribution point, the mid-Qing Dynasty basically form a regional network infrastructure market.Constrained by the conditions of the natural environment and productivity levels of development, the three areas such as the district of animal husbandry, agricultural and pastoral areas, and the agricultural areas are not synchronously developed, but it is the total commodity exchange majority of the agricultural and pastoral areas of Qinghai and the center station between the neighboring regions and the central base. Temples are set from time to time as markets in the Ming and Qing Dynasties between urban and rural areas, between agricultural and animal husbandry areas in Qinghai where commercial function plays a vital role in this region which also has a close relationship with the local environment and the socio-economic development. Through the analysis of the different -level commercial markets and their diversity of aspects in various regions , the author had a deeper level of inspection to reveal the different market structures created by the different natural environment so as to reveal the formation of the overall circulation pattern in Ming and Qing Dynasties and geographical features.Part 6, "the pulse of the commodity economy: the Path of the trade" in which there is the major analysis of the internal circulation routes, and the National contact through the trade path of Qinghai in Ming and Qing Dynasties In the development of the path of the trade in Ming and Qing Dynasties of Qinghai, it was affected not only by the natural factors but also by the time of human factors. The larger changes took place in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Having a direct impact on the distribution pattern of the regional business center, the road of trade is concluded as the base of the analysis of the commercial market and the flow pattern.Part 7 "conclusion" summed up that the commodity economy in Qinghai of Ming and Qing dynasties had some development, which is shown from the market development and the circulation of commodities. However, the development of agricultural areas, agricultural and pastoral areas and livestock areas are not synchronized. With an early start in the agricultural area, the commercial market in the mid of Ming Dynasty had point distribution. In the mid of Qing Dynasty the commercial market reached its peak development with more commercial markets appeared, more frequent circulation, and the economic development showed showing great vitality. But on the whole, the economic development of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Qinghai was still built on the natural economy. Self-sufficiency was still very firm. In this economy, the market development often shows imperfect in space and the imbalance development. Although there appeared the unified provincial scale market for a number of commodity circulation , yet the internal circulation of different districts appeared the dispersion pattern of distribution. The lack of smoothness of the circulation and the weak influence of market was a serious obstacle for the economy of Qinghai to develop to the modern times.更多还原