秦关北望——秦与“戎狄”文化的关系研究

【作者】 史党社；

【导师】 周振鹤；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国古代史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 秦人西周中期在西方兴起,经过长达600余年的发展,最终在公元前3世纪的后期,建立了统一的秦帝国。秦文化也经历了类似的兴衰过程,在此期间,它与比邻的“戎狄”文化发生了千似万缕的联系,这种联系不但决定着秦文化的面貌,也一定程度上决定着秦人的族群属性和“性格”。此前对于秦与“戎狄”文化的关系,学术界并没有专门的研究论著。本文在适度的理论思考基础上,从考古资料出发,结合文献、古文字资料,利用已有的研究成果,从宏观与微观两个方面对二者的关系史作了初步的重构。在第一章“绪论”中,本文主要介绍了基本的资料以及处理资料的态度,并着重对国际学术界通行的“族群”理论作了介绍,这是探讨和界定本文的基础概念“秦人”、“戎狄”,以及探讨文化关系所必须的。第二章,主要对“秦人”的概念作了界定,探讨了从西周中期-战国中期、战国晚期-秦代“秦人”的不同内涵和外延,亦即“秦人”的历史。同时探讨了“秦人”与比邻“蛮夷”的关系。第三章,界定了“秦文化”的概念,并概略介绍了秦文化发现与研究的历史。对秦文化渊源的探索,是本章的重点。文中认为,产生于西周中晚期的秦文化,与周文化以及甘青一带的古文化都有渊源关系,其中对毛家坪A组遗存的族属以及对TM7遗存的意义,作者都提出了新的看法。本章后面的两个附录,还具体从西周以来的秦青铜礼器、直肢葬的例证,论证了秦文化的源流。第四章,主要介绍了与秦相关的“戎狄”的历史及其文化。综观秦人的历史,与之关系密切的是被文献称作“西戎”,以及鄂尔多斯一带被称作“北狄”、胡、匈奴的族群,本章主要介绍的,是其中最典型的“西戎”、“狄”(如楼烦)-匈奴两支。对于相关的考古材料,本章作了全面的梳理。第五章,以三个地区的实例,具体论证了秦与“戎狄”文化的关系。第一是甘肃东部、宁夏中南部,本地区为传统的“西戎”地域,文中主要探讨了三个重要的文化变迁现象。第二是鄂尔多斯地区,作者视角的重点,在于政治格局的变迁对本地区文化面貌及关系的影响。第三个地区是关中等秦本土,文中列举了本地区出土的欧亚“动物纹”的资料,主要探讨了“戎狄”文化对秦文化的传播现象。第六章,本章为本文的结论部分,主要综述了秦与“戎狄”文化的关系史,总结了本文的要点,并指出了本文的不足。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Qin ethnic Group had arose at the west in the middle Western Zhou, then built up the united Qin Empire in the late 3 century B.C.Through long-time development for about 600 years.The Qin Culture had experienced a similar process either.It had brought up many close relations with neighborhood "Rong Di" cultures during the period.The relations had determined not only features of Qin Culture but also its ethic attributes and characters.The academia all along have not some special works about the affinity of Qin with "Rong Di" cultures in the past.Basing of some related theories,the dissertation has restructured macroscopically and microscopically the primary history of their relations through archaeological data,ancient literatures,excavated resources and current researches.Chapter 1 is the Introduction which has primarily introduced basic data and methods for processing data.The emphasis is on current theories about Ethnic Group in the international academias,which are necessary for discussing cultural relations.Chapter 2 has defined the concept of "Qin Ethnic Group" and discussed different contents and extensions from the middle Western Zhou to Qin Dynasty which are actually the history of the Qin Race.Meanwhile, relations of the Qin with the "Man Yi"(Barbarian) are reviewed.Chapter 3 has defined the concept of "Qin Culture" and introduced the discovery and research history about the Qin Culure briefly.The emphasis of the chapter is researching for the origin of the Qin Culture. The dissertation considers that the Qin Culture bringing up in the middle or late Western Zhou has original relations with the Zhou Culture and ancient cultures in Gansu and Qinghai provinces.The dissertation has presented some new perspectives about the ethnic ascription of the Group A at Maojiaping Site and the meanings of the TM7.Two addenda after the chapter indicate the source of the Qin Culture on base of the Qin bronzes and extended burials from the Western Zhou.Chapter 4 has introduced the history and culture of the "Rong Di" which are related with Qin.Summarizing the history of the Qin Ethnic group,it maybe have some affinity with some ethic groups such as the so-called "Western Rong" and the "Northern Di",the Huand the Xiong Nuat Ordos.The chapter has primarily introduced two most typical ethnic goups,the "Western Rong",the Pre-XiongNu(such as Lou Fan) and Xiong Nu.All of related archaeological data have been reviewed comprehensively.Chapter 5 has detailedly argued relations of Qin with "Rong Di" cultures through instances at 3 areas.The first locates at the western Gansu and the middle and southern Ningxia where have been recognized as areas of the "Western Rong",and 3 importantly cultural phenomena have been mainly discussed.The second locates at Ordos and the discussing emphasis is on how the transition of political situations on the area had influenced characters and relations of local cultures.The third locates at the Guanzhong area(the Qin’ homeland) and the chapter has discussed influences of the "animal style" from the northern China and the steppe to the Qin Culture.Chapter 6 is the Conclusion which has summarized the relation history of the Qin with "Rong Di" cultures,and tried to point out efforts and defects of the dissertation.更多还原