【作者】 陈健；

【导师】 吴群；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 土地资源管理， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 农村居民点用地整理是缓解用地供需矛盾,拓展城市和农业发展空间,改善农村居民生产生活条件的重要途径。据统计2006年末我国农村居民点用地总面积16.4万平方公里,接近于河南省的总面积,人均用地185平方米,远远超过国家标准,村镇建设用地总量达到城市的4.6倍,对农村利用不充分的农村居民点用地进行综合整治,提高土地利用率意义重大。开展农村居民点用地整理必须有相关政策和规划的指导,而开展农村居民点用地整理适宜性评价是制定相关政策和规划的基础性工作。文章从研究农村居民点用地整理适宜性评价理论内涵和农村居民点用地整理发展趋势出发,充分借鉴国内外开展农村居民点用地整理的理论、方法和成熟经验,在明确城乡结合部土地利用特征的基础上,界定了城乡结合部农村居民点用地整理的三种主要整理方向,构建了开展农村城乡结合部居民点用地整理适宜性评价的分析框架,提出了基于生态位矢量元胞自动机(CA)的评价模型,并在ARCGIS9.2平台上创建了评价信息系统。在实证研究中以连云港为例,对连云港市市区内分布的农村居民点用地进行了整理适宜性评价研究。文章认为农村居民点用地整理适宜性评价作为土地评价的一种,指农村居民点用地整理方向和模式对土地条件的要求逐个与土地资源类型的性质相互匹配并确认其适宜性的过程。农村居民点用地整理适宜性评价结果具体时点性、空间分异性和可比性的特点。时点性指评价结果反映某特定时间点的整理适宜性,随着时间的不断延续,适宜性结果会不断发生变化;空间分异性指评价结果会由于被评价地块的空间分布不同而得出不同的评价分值;可比性指由于地块的空间分布差异导致的评价分值不同,使不同地块的适宜性评价结果具有可比性,这也是适宜性分级的基础。文章对城乡结合部地区农村居民点用地整理模式进行分析,认为城乡结合部农村居民点将来发展的方向呈现三种格局:一是由于离城市较近,部分现有的农村居民点将直接转化为城市用地,居住在其中的农村居民将成为城镇居民;二是目前规模较小、布局比较分散的农村居民点,通过几个村庄合并建设成中心村或者向现有中心村集中的方式建设新农村,而原有用地可直接整理为农用地;三是现有用地规模比较大的中心村、重点村,在归并周围零散村庄的基础上,进行重新规划、改造成现代化的新农村。文章同时认为在建立评价模型之前,有必要对农村居民点用地整理的驱动因素进行分析。农村居民点用地整理的驱动因素分为内部驱动因素和外部驱动因素。外部驱动因素主要体现在农村居民点用地整理主体观念变化,包括农户主体的风俗习惯、认知的改变,地方政府和中央政府主体法律、法规、政策的不断变迁等,由于当前农户主体的风俗习惯、认知处于转型期的巨变时段,中央政府和地方政府主体针对农村居民点用地整理提出的相关政策处于试点和起步阶段,利用过去的数据分析农村居民点用地整理的外部驱动因素对于目前农村居民点用地整理的指导性不强。文章着重分析农村居民点用地整理的内部驱动因素,因为农村居民点发生变化与否、变化的去向在基础上取决于农村居民点内部因素。而农村居民点用地整理适宜性评价的本质也是在不考虑经济发展趋势、技术进步、政策变迁的情况下,根据农村居民点用地自然条件、区位条件等内部因素,分析存量农村居民点用地对不同土地用途的相对适宜程度。决策部门则可通过评价结果,综合考虑政策、经济保障能力等外部因素,来具体确定整理地块及其整理方向。文章构建了基于生态位矢量CA的评价模型,地理CA通常针对栅格数据,由于目前可供利用的基础图件多为矢量图件,研究基于矢量数据的CA模型具有较强的现实意义。生态位理论是生态学中的一个重要理论,是指在生物群落或生态系统中,每一个物种都拥有自己的角色和地位。也就是说一物种只能生活在确定的环境条件范围内,利用特定的资源,甚至只能在适宜的时间里生存与发展。生态位理论告诉我们,两个物种(生态元)的生态位重叠越多,竞争越激烈,竞争的结果是优胜劣汰。考虑到目前我国城乡结合部农村居民点用地整理按布局调整可分为三种模式,即三种整理方向:依次为整理形成农用地、拆迁转化为城市用地及原地改造。引入“生态位”,可以给每一个农村居民点用地元胞赋予不同的“生态位”:包括“农业发展生态位”、“城市发展生态位”、“原地改造生态位”。根据不同的整理目标,元胞的各个“生态位”相应“贡献”不同的作用。元胞之间通过优胜劣汰的生物竞争方式反映农村居民点用地整理的适宜性。“生态位”较高的元胞具有较强的整理适宜性。在“生态位”CA的转换规则中元胞在t时刻农村居民点用地整理的适宜程度与元胞在不同整理模式下向不同土地使用方向转变的生态位适宜度、元胞外部的约束条件和邻居元胞对中心元胞的影响力相关。文章依据此思路分别构建了向农用地、城市用地以及原地改造不同整理方向的转换规则,并在统筹备业用地需求的情况下构建了可提供实际决策依据评价模型的转换规则。在此基础上,结合CA模型的技术特点,采用地理信息系统软件ArcGIS9.2作为数据处理平台,利用VBA开发技术,设计并开发了实用数据可视化软件——基于生态位矢量CA的农村居民点用地整理适宜性评价信息系统(NVCA—RRSES)。文章针对连云港市的实证研究,驱动因素从分析结果可以看出农村居民点用地变化跟农村居民点所在单元的高程、距离城市中心的距离、土壤有机质含量和农民人均纯收入等因子相关性较大;农村居民点用地减少受农村居民点所在单元的高程、距离城市中心的距离、距离道路的距离、土壤有机质含量和地均国内生产总值的影响很大。农村居民点用地整理中向城市用地、农村地转变的整理方向都意味着农村居民点用地的减少,在建立CA模型确定转换规则时,本文对这些因素进行了重点考虑。本文同时运用评价信息系统分类对向农用地、城市用地、原地改造和统筹各业用地需求前提下向农用地整理方向的适宜性进行评价,并以连云港市区2007-2009年挂钩项目已经确定的整理地块作为统筹各业用地需求前提下向农用地整理方向适宜性评价结果的检验标准,检验结果令人满意。文章最后介绍了评价结果的具体应用方法,认为在成果运用中应尊重农村居民意愿,要充分考虑资金保障水平,并注意权属调整问题,在具体操作中应考虑行政措施、计划措施和其他措施的结合运用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Land consolidation of rural residential area is an important way in mitigating land conflict between supply and demand, expanding urban and agricultural development and improving production and living conditions of residents in rural areas. According to statistics, at the end of 2006, the total of China’s rural residential areas was 164,000 square kilometers, close to the total area of Henan Province. With 185 square meters per capita, far more than the state standard and 4.6 times amounted rural constructions than that of city areas, it’s of great significance for a comprehensive rectification, so as to improve land utilization rate in the rural areas. Suitability evaluation of land consolidation of rural residential area is in nature to establish the correlative policies and plans, which is essential for land consolidation of rural residential area.Approaching the theoretical connotation of suitability evaluation for land consolidation in rural residential area and its development trend, and fully referred to the theory, methods and mature experience both at home and abroad, this paper defines the three main direction for the integration of urban and rural settlements and also builds an analytical framework for suitability assessment of the land consolidation. Cellular automata evaluation model, based on vector niche cellular, is put forward and it also creates an evaluation information system at ARCGIS platform. In the part of empirical research, taking Lianyungang City as an example of a typical region, a research of the consolidation suitability evaluation on the distribution of land plots for the rural settlements in Lianyungang City is conducted.As one of the land evaluations, suitability evaluation for land consolidation in rural residential area refers to the appropriate process that matching mutually the requirements for land conditions according to the direction and mode of rural settlements after the land arrangement with the nature of each type of land resources. Suitability evaluation for land consolidation in rural residential area is usually classified specifically into three parts: evaluation at a certain point in time, evaluation of regional disparity and evaluation of comparability. Evaluation for land consolidation in rural residential area reflects the suitability for the land arrangement at a particular point in time. With a continuous extension of time, the evaluation results will be constantly changing. Evaluation of regional disparity comes to different evaluation scores for different land due to their spatial distributions. Evaluation of comparability, acting the basis for suitability classification, refers to comparable results between different evaluation scores for rural settlement plots according to their differences in spatial distribution.After the analysis the pattern for arrangement in the integration of urban and rural settlements, this article shows the following three developing patterns in the future: First, as some rural residents in the integration of urban and rural areas are close to the city, these settlements will be directly converted into urban lands, in which the rural population will become urban residents. Second, in some rural settlements of smaller scale or scattered layout, several villages merged into centre villages or concentrate into the existing centre villages to the way of rural reconstruction, and its original residential areas can be directly changed into agricultural land use. Third, the existing centre villages and the key villages with a relatively large size, on the basis of incorporating around scattered villages, transform into new modern rural villages by re-planningThe author believes that it is necessary to analyze the driving factors in rural settlements sites before the establishment of evaluation model, divided into internal and external factors. The external driving factors mainly reflect on the changing concept of subject in rural settlements, including the changes in the custom habits, as well as cognitive changes of peasant households, and the ever-changing laws, regulations, and policies made by local and central governments. Due to farmers’ current custom habits and cognitive changes are in the transition period, the relevant measures and polices made by central government and local governments for rural settlements consolidation, such as rural rebuilding construction and the policy linking the decrease in rural constructions to the increase in urban lands are only at pilot stage at present in our country, the guidance of external driving factors derives for the current rural settlements arrangement from the past related analytical data is not strong. Since both the occurrence and the direction of changes in rural settlements depends on internal factors, the article focuses on them. While suitability assessment in rural settlements consolidation also analyzes relative suitability for the different land uses in stock rural residential areas, taking economic development trend, technological advances, changes in policy, in accordance with the regional internal factors such as natural and location conditions, outside of consider in nature. Governmental decision-making departments may consider external factors comprehensively, excluding such factors as policies and the economic security ability, to identify specific sites and the consolidation direction, according to the evaluation results.While the evaluation model of niche vector cellular automata in this article, geographic cellular automata is usually targeted at the grid map. Because the available maps are more than vector ones, cellular automata model based on vector data has a strong practical significance. Ecological niche theory, as a very important theory in ecology, refers to that each species has its own role and status in the biological communities or ecosystems. That is, one species can only live in a certain scope of environmental conditions, making use of specific resources, and even only survive and develop for a suitable period. Niche theory tells that, more of two species’ (ecological cells) niche overlap, there can be more intense competition, and the result is the survival of the fittest. Current rural settlements consolidation in para-urban region in our country are divided into three models: arable lands transformed from rural settlements consolidation, urban lands from rural residential sites and centre villages from original rural settlements. In the cellular automaton model, the author introduces an important concept of ecology—niche and each cellular can be given a different niche, including eco-agriculture niche, urban development niche and site transformation niche. According to various goals for rural settlements consolidation, various niche of cellular act different roles in corresponding. Biological competition passed by survival of the fittest between cellular reflects he suitability of rural settlements consolidation. Higher niche cellular usually has a stronger suitability for consolidation. the suitability at the time of t in rural settlements consolidation is attached with the niche suitability for cellular in different models for different land-use、external constraints for cellular and influence on centre cellular from neighbors.According to this idea, this paper builds the rules related to conversions to agricultural land, urban land and rebuilding original land, as well as rules for evaluation model to provide a practical basis for decision-making, which co-ordinate the industry demand. Besides, based on the above, in light of the technical characteristics of CA model, the author through geographic information system software ArcGIS9.2 served as data processing platform and the VBA technology, designs and develops visualization software using practical data. That is the information system for suitability evaluation based on niche vector CA in rural settlements consolidation (NVCA-RRSES).From the case study of Lianyungang city, the analysis on the driving factors results shows that land-use change in rural settlements is more relatively to the factors such as the elevation of the unit in which rural settlements have membership, the distance from the city centre, the content of soil organic matter and the per capita net income of farmers and other factors, while the decrease of rural settlements land is greatly influenced by reduce of the height of the unit, of the distance from the city centre, of the distance from the road, of the content of soil organic matter and of the gross domestic product per unit land. During the process of adjusting rural residential land, the transformation to the collation of urban land and rural land led to a reduction of rural settlements. When establishing the conversion rules in CA model, we must focus on those above factors. Then, in this chapter, the author makes specific suitability assessments in the transformation to agricultural land, urban land use, in situ transformation, as well as to agricultural land coordinating the industry demand, using the established classified evaluation information systems. The demolition old blocks in rural settlements consolidation, which were determined by the working mode in carpet type in the urban projects in Lianyungang in 2007-2009, serves as the standard to collate the suitability evaluation results of the transformation to agriculture land, with the prerequisite for coordinating the industry’s demand. And the test results are satisfied.Finally, the article introduces the specific applications for the evaluation results. The author holds the view that we should respect rural residents’ willing and fully take the level of funding into account. Besides, we should pay much attention to problems in consolidation of the rights and a combination of the use of administrative measures, plan measures and other measures should be considered in concrete operations.更多还原