【作者】 赵宝刚；

【导师】 苗丰民；

【作者基本信息】 大连海事大学 ， 环境科学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 由于地理环境的特点,特别是受气候的影响,渤海海域每年冬季都会发生不同程度的结冰现象。海上石油生产置身于海洋环境之中,海上开采石油的设施无时不受到海洋环境的影响和制约。海冰是冰区海洋工程的主要荷载之一,直接影响着海上油(气)田的勘探、开发和生产运营,威胁着海上工程设施以及航运的安全。从国内外大量的海冰灾害事实和我国海上石油平台被海冰推倒的海洋灾害事故当中,可以看到海冰的破坏力之大,危害之严重,同时也可以看出加强对局地海域大气—海冰—海洋相互作用机理的研究的意义之重大。随着海洋石油勘探开发事业的发展,特别是环渤海冰区油气资源的开采,对渤海油气田冬季生产过程中的海冰管理技术提出了更高的要求。为了保障冬季冰区工程点的作业和生产安全,必须对冰区工程点海冰监测和预报,为加强海洋防灾和减灾的管理、科学决策提供依据。海冰监测是认识海洋环境特征的基本手段,是冰区工程点海洋环境综合管理和预报技术业务化的基础。海冰监测与预报是一项随冰区油田开发和油气集输工程需要而发展起来的综合性生产和技术管理项目,它主要是利用各种现代科学技术手段对海冰进行监测,对冰情变化进行预测,对来自各方面的海冰数据进行处理,分析危险冰情,发布预警信息和提出应急措施,以达到冰区油田冬季安全生产和防冰减灾的目的。海洋冰区工程点冰情的监测和预报技术也是海洋学者们一直探讨研究的热点课题。本论文着重围绕渤海结冰区海洋石油开采、船舶运输、钻井平台建设等港口工程建设过程中的海冰问题,分析了海冰变化过程及海冰生消运动规律,探索了海冰监测方法与海冰预报技术,尤其是对局部的工程作业点海冰的分布及其变化、海冰厚度测量、海冰漂移方向预测、速度的变化等内容进行了深入的研究,建立了一套可以监测、预报冰情的技术方法,为冰区工程点海冰管理项目提供了重要的科学依据。根据本人冬季在渤海辽东湾JZ9-3石油平台(冰区工程作业点)海域进行雷达遥感海冰监测及预报技术的研究,该论文取得了新的突破与创新,研究成果内容如下:1)分析了冰区工程点不同类型海冰外貌及海冰运动的回波特征,采取雷达观测海冰分类、雷达测量海冰厚度、雷达测量海冰漂移技术参数,并研发了应用技术。2)通过实测海流资料,建立了雷达海冰漂移数值预报技术,实现了冰区海域的JZ9-3石油平台雷达监测海冰数值跟踪预报技术系统,提供了雷达遥感动态监测海冰实时数值图像和预报技术。3)探索了雷达从垂直方向对空气—冰表界面、冰层、冰底—海水界面微波回波特征,提取参数,研制了雷达冰厚测量仪。实现开发应用软件与计算机联机,采用实测冰厚进行标定和检验,准确率达97%以上,通过了专家评审,同时申报了获国家专利,专利号为:CN 101105395A。4)应用PIV技术、雷达监测海冰技术和计算机编程技术3种技术相结合,实现了快速雷达遥感观测海冰漂流矢量场预报业务化技术系统,在辽东湾冰区工程点海冰预报中首次应用(在国内也是首次),达到了全天候预报流冰变化动态信息的要求。综上所述,本课题在2005～2007年度的中海海洋石油公司的渤海冬季海冰项目管理工作中,实现了冰区工程点外输油轮作业的雷达监测海冰数值分析及流冰动态信息预报,完成了海冰管理网站的建立等一系列与海冰监测相关的工作,为冬季海上冰区油田的连续生产和安全作业提供了技术支持,也为实现我国岸站固定冰观测与预报创建了新的管理系统,实现了航天卫星、飞机航测和岸站雷达三位一体相结合的立体实时监测体系,为海冰图像、数据和工程点冰情预报提供了科学技术支撑。更多还原

【Abstract】 There are different degrees of freezing every winter in Bohai Sea area due to the characteristics of the geographical environment, particularly climate. Sea conditions affect offshore oil. Therefore, the sea’s condition always constrains oil production equipment. Sea ice is one of the main obstacles to ice area marine engineering, directly influencing oil exploration, development, and production. Ice threatens sea engineering operations and associated shipping. From a large number of sea ice disasters, both abroad and Chinese, where sea ice toppled oil platforms, it is clear that the destructive power of the sea ice has serious consequences. Meanwhile, the importance of research on the relationship of area atmospherics, sea ice, and the ocean is also made very clear.As the oil production develops, particularly in the areas surrounding Bohai oil and gas resources, the requirement for technology for sea ice management in winter production has increased. In order to guarantee production and operational safety, we must monitor and forecast ice in order to strengthen the basis for management and scientific decisions to prevent and reduce disaster. Ice monitoring is a basic method for understanding the basic characteristics of the sea environment, and it is the foundation for the comprehensive management of the environment of the sea ice area and forecasting technology. Ice monitoring and forecasting is a comprehensive production and technology project, based on ice-area oil production, and oil and gas transportation engineering. Mainly, it uses different types of modern technology to monitor sea ice, to estimate ice changes, to process statistics of the sea ice, to analyze dangerous ice situations, to issue warnings, and suggest emergency measures, so as to guarantee production safety and disaster reduction. Monitoring and forecasting technology in sea ice areas has become a popular topic among ocean scholars.The current dissertation focuses on the sea ice problem in oil production platforms and shipping in the Bohai area. It analyses sea ice changes and sea ice formation and melting. It also explores sea ice monitoring methods and sea ice forecasting technology, particularly in depth research on the distribution and change of sea ice, measuring the depth of sea ice, estimation of the direction of sea ice flow and changes in sea ice speed. The research has established a set of technology methods to monitor and forecast sea ice. Therefore, it provides a scientific basis for engineering projects for oil production in sea ice areas.My research comes from my winter fieldwork on the eastern bay JZ9-3 oil production platform on radar remote sea ice monitoring and forecasting. This dissertation broke new ground and got innovative results. The innovative results are the following:1) It analyzed different types of sea ice physical characteristics, and returning wave characteristics of ice movement using radar view to classify sea ice, to measure the depth of sea ice, and sea ice flow. It also developed the applied technology needed.2) Through sea current examination, it established forecast technology using radar based flow figures for sea ice. It developed radar monitoring of sea ice flows and forecasting technology systems for the JZ9-3 oil platform, by providing a remote radar motion monitoring sea ice graphics and forecasting technology. 3) It used radar in a vertical direction to measure the air surface of the ice, the middle of the ice, and the bottom of the ice. With sea surface wave-return characteristics, it obtained data, developed a radar-based measuring device for ice thickness, which uses applied software to establish ice thickness measurements and information. Its accuracy reached above 97%. It passed experts’ evaluations. I applied and obtained a Patent, whose number is CN 101105395A.4) It used a combination of PIV technology, radar monitoring sea ice technology, and computer programming technology to establish a radar-based, remote measuring, sea ice, flow volume, forecasting technology system, which operated for the first time in China in the East Liao Gulf and met the requirements of forecasting moving ice changes in all weather conditions.In summary, I conducted field work on the current project during winters of 2005 to 2007 sponsored by Zhonghai Ocean Oil Company, working on sea ice management in Bohai. We established a radar-based monitoring system for sea ice analysis and a moving ice forecasting system for information on ice in the area. We completed a sea ice internet management system, which provided technical support for safe winter oil production in the sea ice area. We also established a new management system of coastal solid ice monitoring and forecasting, with a combination of satellite and plane monitoring and harbor radar systems picture data reports, providing scientific and technology support to sea ice forecasting.更多还原