【作者】 李铁华；

【导师】 严耀中；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 中国哲学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 本文以佛教中国化为背景,以阴阳五行与四大五蕴的交互影响为核心,透过对汉唐时期两者交流过程中体现出的虚与实、流与变、戒与德等核心观念间的交互影响的分析,揭示佛教与中国传统文化在思维方式和价值观等方面互补互融的实现方式与途径,及其对中国哲学发展的理论贡献。阴阳五行生克制化是“中国人的思想律”,是“中国传统学术思想之中心”,在中国传统文化中有“极强固的势力”。四大五蕴是佛教的理论基石,与缘起论一起构成佛教的理论基础。佛教传入中国为两种异质文化提供了交流的可能,佛教的成功中国化说明两种异质文化确实有了深入的交流融合。依据佛教在中国发展的历史特征,将其分为三个时期:汉魏两晋南北朝为前期(或早期),其特点体现为“格义”形式下佛教核心观念的渗透;隋唐为中期或鼎盛时期,其特点是宗派兴盛、教义创新与体系化;唐武宗灭佛以后为后期,其特点为佛教的理论创造减弱,逐渐世俗化、民间化。本文研究的时间跨度为前期和中期,即汉唐时期。汉魏两晋南北朝时期,四大五蕴与阴阳五行交涉的特点,主要体现为以实配虚、以德配戒的格义形式下的观念渗透。佛教借助中国传统文化的名词概念,如元气、阴阳五行、五常及道、无等来进行传播。这些语言概念、甚至部分思想观念上与中国传统文化的靠近,一方面使其深受中土思想影响,另一方面又没有完全消解佛教自身独特的思想内涵。相反其在概念和语言形式的掩饰下,得以广泛传播,并把四大五蕴缘起和合所体现的思维方式和核心价值观渗透到中国文化中去。《提谓波利经》是前期阴阳五行与四大五蕴交涉的重要体现。《提谓波利经》体现出佛教在中国发展的前期,既深受中国传统天人思维模式的影响,又同时保持了四大五蕴缘起和合的自有特性的阶段特征。该经为适应中国社会发展的需要,一方面根据中土的天人关系论为佛教五戒安立外在依据,另一方面也保持了佛教的自有特征,以佛教的四大五蕴理论为五戒确立内在依据。隋唐时期,四大五蕴与阴阳五行交涉的特点主要体现为虚实会通与心气相融形式下的圆融会通。阴阳五行与四大五蕴的交涉主要表现在两个方面,一方面是儒道等中土传统文化对四大五蕴缘起和合理论的借鉴运用;另一方面则是佛教宗派把阴阳五行纳入到其创立的教义体系中。随着宗派佛教的兴起与发展,佛教作为中国传统文化一部分的地位渐趋确立,其思维方式和价值观念渐为一般士人所熟悉,两种文化的交流融合进一步深入到文化的内核中。主要体现在四大五蕴缘起和合理论对士大夫们理解元气、阴阳五行及人性问题,及对道教经典组织、理论创造的影响等方面。隋唐时期,天台和密宗是宗派佛教中把阴阳五行纳入其教义体系进行圆融会通的代表。天台宗主要通过其圆融的实相、禅观体系把阴阳五行纳入其中;密宗则把阴阳五行纳入其以“阿字门”为核心的教义体系和以大日如来为中心的五方佛系谱中。这样使得阴阳五行与四大五蕴的交涉就进入其教义体系的内部,而不只是前期被批评排斥的外道学说。阴阳五行与四大五蕴圆融会通的特征,在宗派佛教的教义体系化过程中也得到了明确体现。更多还原

【Abstract】 This essay is based on the background of Buddhism in China, and centers on the interaction of Four Great Elements and Five Skandhas and Yin–Yang and Five elements. Through research of the relationship between Buddhism and traditional Chinese culture during the Han and Tang Dynasties, it reveals the characteristics of the two cultures’mutual conflict, fusion and promotion, and their contributions to the development of Chinese philosophy.Yin-Yang restraint theory is Chinese thinking law, and is the centre of "traditionally academic Chinese ideas". It has been very powerful in China’s traditional culture. Four Great Elements and Five Skandhas are the cornerstones of the theory of Buddhism, which form the theoretical foundation of Buddhism, together with origin theory. Buddhism was introduced to China,which has provided the possibility of the two different cultures’mutual exchange. Buddhism in China also shows that the two different cultures do have deep integration.Based on the historic features, the development of Buddhism in China can be divided into three periods: The early period ranges from Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which is characterized by the infiltration of its core Buddhist concept in the form of "grid"; The medium-term or peak period ranges from Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which is characterized by sectarian prosperity, creed innovation and systematization; The third period begins with the Incident of Tang WU ZONG, and it is characterized by the weakening creation of the theory of Buddhism, which also gradually became secular and folksy. This paper tends to study the time-span of the pre - and medium-term, that is, during the Han and Tang Dynasties.During Han, Wei, Jin and the Northern and Southern Dynasties the characteristics of Four Great Elements–Five Skandhas and Yin-yang’s negotiations mainly embodied the infiltration of core Buddhist concept in the form of grid Buddhism often makes use of traditional Chinese culture term concepts to spread, such as vitality, Yin-yang elements, and the five permanent members, none. Making use of and getting close to traditional Chinese culture in terms of language concepts, and even some ideas and concepts, on the one hand, has made it deeply influenced by Chinese ideological; on the other hand, has not completely removed its unique Buddhist ideological connotations. On the contrary, disguised by concepts and language form , it succeeds in spreading widely, and makes the core values and ways of thinking reflected by Four Great Elements and Five Skandhas infiltrate into Chinese culture. "After mentioning that Polley" is integrated with Four Great Elements and Five Skandhas Yin-yang in the earlier period. "After mentioning that Polley" embodied that Buddhism was influenced by the traditional Chinese way of thinking of Heaven, but at the same time, it maintained the character of Four Great Elements and Five Skandhas in different stages in the early periods of China’s development. To meet the needs of China’s social development, on the one hand, according to the Heaven relations of Turkey for external basis Buddhist Five Commandments, on the one hand, it maintains its unique Buddhist characteristics, Five Skandhas Buddhist theory of the four established internal basis Five Commandments.Sui and Tang Dynasties period, four Five Skandhas negotiations with the Yin-yang and Five Elements of the inherent characteristics will be the main Qualcomm. Five Skandhas Yin-yang, the five elements and the four representations mainly manifested in two aspects, one is Confucianism and Taoism, and other traditional culture of China and the four Five Skandhas Origin Wo Hop use of the theory of reference; schools of Buddhism on the other hand, is the Yin and Yang elements into its founding doctrines system. With the rise of sectarian and development of Buddhism, Buddhism, as China’s traditional culture status as a part of the gradual establishment of its way of thinking and values gradually Scholars familiar with the general, cultural exchanges between the two further integration to the core of culture. Five Skandhas manifested mainly in the four major theories on the origin of Wo Hop literati who understand their strength, the yin and yang of human nature and the elements, and the Taoist classics organization, theory and the impact of the creation. Sui and Tang Dynasties period, the roof and sectarian Tantric Buddhism is the doctrine of yin and yang elements into their system-will be representatives of harmony. Mainly through its roof in harmony with the real, Changuan system incorporating elements of the yin and yang; he has put into its yin and yang elements "A gate" at the core of the system and to the teachings of the Tathagata as the center of the five parties Dover pedigree . This allows yin and yang and the five elements of the negotiations on the four Five Skandhas into its system of internal doctrine, and not just pre been criticized exclusion "Cult" doctrine. Yin-Yang and Five Elements and Four-Five Skandhas harmony will be the characteristics of the teachings of Buddhism in the sectarian system in the process has also been clearly reflected.更多还原