自然、神性与美

【作者】 陈正勇；

【导师】 陈伟；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 文艺学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 纳西族是中华民族大家庭中一个有着自己独特文化个性的民族,主要聚居在川、滇、藏三省毗连地区。由于其特殊的自然地理环境、民族迁徙经历和原始宗教的共同影响,使其形成了独具个性的文化。首先,从其祖先那里继承下来的祭天习俗、丧葬礼仪、白石崇拜、猴图腾崇拜、羊和虎等其他神性动物崇拜、尚白忌黑观念、崇尚勇武观念等文化因子,都塑造了纳西族对世界的独特认知方式、审美观、道德观,从而也塑造了纳西族独特的民族个性与民族气质;其次,除了古羌文化渊源外,纳西族还继承了本民族的另一种传统巫文化,即一种类似于西方学术界所说的“萨满(Shamanism)”文化,这对纳西族文化尤其是东巴教文化的形成也发挥了重要的作用;再次,藏族苯教、藏传佛教文化以及汉传佛教文化、儒家与道家文化也对纳西族东巴文化的形成产生了重要的作用。以上这些文化在历史的进程中都不同程度地对纳西族文化产生过影响,使纳西族文化“遗传”或吸收了各种文化因子,从而形成了其最具民族个性的东巴文化,也塑造了纳西族独特的民族个性和民族精神。同样,孕育了纳西族民族个性和民族精神的独特文化也孕育了本民族特殊的认识世界的方式、审美观、道德观,塑造了其独特的审美精神。本文立足于世界文化的多样性和丰富性,力图从美学、人类学、审美人类学、文化人类学的视角着手,对纳西族文化中所蕴涵的独特审美精神进行探究。力图通过此研究发现纳西族在文明进程中是如何按照美的规律进行生产的,探微历史进程中纳西族审美心理、审美意识、审美观念是如何从莽莽的状态发展成相对较独立的状态的,揭示纳西族审美精神如何从混沌之境走向澄明之境。文章以纳西族历史为背景,以纳西族及其先民的宗教活动、民俗活动、“艺术”活动、语言文字等为主要素材,以纳西族东巴教文化为重点,以决定纳西族审美精神的自然地理条件、民族迁徙历史、心理条件等三个要素以及纳西族审美精神的内涵、表现形态、艺术形态等问题为核心,试图突破传统美学的拘囿,阐明区别传统审美精神的另一种审美精神——纳西族审美精神。从文章的逻辑结构和主要内容来看,笔者首先概述了纳西族历史、语言、文字、宗教、艺术等特色文化,并从民族渊源和文化交流碰撞等初探纳西族特色文化的类型、演变和独特的文化心理;其次,通过自然地理条件、民族迁徙历史和宗教三个因素的研究,阐述了它们是如何影响纳西族审美意识、审美观念、审美心理、审美情感等审美精神结构要素的;再次,通过揭示纳西族审美精神所蕴涵的万物有灵观、图腾崇拜意识、神巫意识、本族意识和崇生、乐生意识,全面呈现出纳西族审美精神的内涵:第四,在呈现纳西族审美精神内涵的基础上,深入分析其神秘、狞厉、拙稚、犷达之审美形态;第五,在审美精神内涵和形态比较清楚的基础上,着重从东巴神话和东巴舞两种艺术形式着手,进一步分析审美精神各要素内涵在艺术活动中的具体表现;最后从文化多元性、非物质文化遗产的保护、文化人类学、美学等角度论述了纳西族审美精神研究的当代意义。文章以纳西族东巴教、民俗、神话、故事传说、绘画、舞蹈、文字等为基本材料,力图克服传统美学的影响。吸取了人类学开放性、解放性的优点,吸收了人类学具有纠正种族和文化优越性的谬误的进步性,同时吸取了人类学重实证、重客观和美学重抽象、重主观的研究方法来探究纳西先民的审美精神,探微其表现形态,基本克服了文化中心主义思想的美学研究范式的影响。此外,由于本文研究所使用的文化材料蕴涵着纳西族的原始宗教信仰、民俗习惯、民族艺术、语言文字、思维习惯、人生理想以及生产生活方式,这使得本研究具有丰富和充实文化人类学和社会学的内容及理论的意义,也具有丰富中华审美文化、保护非物质文化遗产的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the big family of Chinese nationality,Naxi people is one nationality that has the unique culture individuality,and the Naxi people mainly live together in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet province contiguous zone.Because of its special environment,the national migration experience and primitive religion’s influences,the Naxi nationality has formed its special individuality culture.Firstly,inherited the custom from his ancestor that offer sacrifice to heaven,the funeral etiquette,the white stone worship, the monkey totemism,goat and tiger and others Divine nature animal worship,and the idea of advocating white,resenting black,advocating bravely and the military force and so on.These cultural factors have molded the Naxi nationality’s unique cognitive style to the world,the aesthetic standard,the moral outlook,and have also molded its unique nationality individuality and national makings.Secondly,besides the ancient Qiang culture origin,the Naxi nationality has also inherited its own nationality’s another traditional witch culture.Namely one kind is similar Shamanism culture called in the Western academic circle,this also plays a vital role on formation of the Naxi nationality culture particularly Dongba religion culture.Thirdly,the Tibetan national minority Ben religion culture,the Tibetan Buddhism culture as well as the Chinese Buddhism culture,the Confucianist culture and Taoism culture,also have had the vital role to the Naxi nationality Dongba culture’s formation.In the historical advancement,the above cultures have had the influence on the Naxi nationality culture in a way or another,and enabled the Naxi nationality culture to ’inherite’ or absorb each cultural factor.Thus Naxi people has formed the most special Dongba culture,also has molded the Naxi nationality unique nationality individuality and the national spirit.At the same time,the Naxi nationality’s unique culture which has bred Naxi nationality’s individuality and spirit,also has bred its special understanding world way,the aesthetic idea,the moral outlook,has molded its unique aesthetic spirit.Based on the world culture’s multiplicity and the richness,the article attempts to research Naxi nationality’s unique aesthetic spirit,from esthetics,the anthropology, the esthetic anthropology,the cultural anthropology angle of view.And then try to discover Naxi nationality how to carry on production defer to the aesthetic rule in the civilized advancement,to search Naxi nationality’s esthetic psychology,esthetic consciousness,esthetic idea,how to develop the relatively independent condition from the dim and fuzzy condition,and to reveal Naxi nationality’s esthetic spirit how to move towards clear condition from chaos condition.In the article,writer takes the Naxi nationality history as a background,takes the Naxi nationality and its ancestor’s religious activities,the folk custom activity,the artistic activity,the language and writing as the main source material,takes Naxi nationality Dongba religion as the key point,and takes geography condition,national migration history and the psychological condition which decided Naxi nationality’s esthetic spirit and Naxi nationality esthetic mental connotations,performance shape,artistic shape as cores. And the author attempts to break through the traditional esthetics limits.Finally, expounded another esthetic spirit-- Naxi nationality esthetic spirit that is different from traditional esthetic spirit.Looking from the article logical organization and the primary coverage,first,writer has outlined Naxi nationality history,language,writing,religion,art and other characteristic cultures,and initially searches the Naxi nationality characteristic culture the type,the evolution and the unique cultural psychology,from the national origin and the cultural exchange collision.Next,through the research about the physical geography condition,national migration history and religion,elaborates how they do affect on the Naxi nationality esthetic consciousness,esthetic idea,esthetic psychology and esthetic emotion.Third,through revealing the myriad things that have mystical powers view,totemism consciousness,mystical and witching consciousness, taking its own nationality as the center consciousness,honoring life and enjoying life consciousness implied in the aesthetic spirit,comprehensively presents the Naxi nationality esthetic spirit connotation.Fourth,based on presenting Naxi nationality’s aesthetic spirit connotation,thoroughly analyzes mystical esthetic shape,fierce esthetic shape,clumsy and immature esthetic shape and open-minded esthetic shape. Fifth,on the basis of relative clarification of esthetic spirit connotation and its shape, mainly from the angle of Dongba myth,and Dongba dance,further analyzes the way that each kind of esthetic spirit factor which had been presented in art activities. Finally,from the angle of culture diverse characteristic,the protection of non-material culture inheritance,cultural anthropology and aesthetics,elaborates the contemporary significance of research about Naxi nationality esthetic spirit.This article takes the Naxi nationality Dongba religion,folk custom,myth,story fable,drawing,dance and writing as basic material,tries hard to overcome the effect of the traditional esthetics.The thesis has absorbed anthropology’s merits that are opening and liberal,and absorbed anthropology’s advantages of correcting the mistake view that thought some race or culture is advance but others are low-grade. Moreover,the thesis has absorbed anthropology method of emphasizing on reality and concretion and also absorbed aesthetics method of emphasizing on abstract and subjectivity.Using these ways,the author have studied Naxi nationality’s esthetic spirit and its presentation forms.This thesis has elementarily overcomed the influence of the cultural center principle thought.In addition,because this research used cultural material containing Naxi nationality’s primitive religion belief,the folk custom, national art,language and writing,thought custom,the ideal of life production life style and so on,it makes this research have much significance that enriches and substantiates the substantial cultural anthropology and the sociology’s content and theory,and it can enrich Chinese esthetic culture and protect the non-material cultural heritage.更多还原